The National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law

Becoming Visible by Mary Becker

"I have come to believe over and over again that what is most important to me must be spoken, made verbal and shared, even at the risk of having it bruised or misunderstood. That the speaking profits me, beyond any other effect. ... And of course I am afraid, because the transformation of silence into language and action is an act of self-revelation, and that always seems fraught with danger."1

In this, the second issue of the National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, teachers and students discuss the increasing visibility and continuing invisibility of lesbian and gay people and issues in law schools. Francisco Valdez presents data on the increasing substantive coverage of lesbian and gay issues in law school courses. Between 1990, when Gene Schultz concluded his study,2 and 1994, when Francisco Valdes considered the question, the number of law schools offering courses or seminars primarily focused on lesbian and gay issues increased dramatically: from 13 schools offering 14 primary courses to 44 schools offering 48 primary courses.3 The Valdes study is important both as a progress report and for use in pushing for further progress, giving students and faculty data on how coverage of our issues is becoming part of the curriculum in American law schools.

Steven Hartwell's study shows a correlation between the presence of out teachers on a faculty and lesbian and gay courses, student groups, anti-discrimination policies, and promotional literature welcoming to lesbian and gay applicants. These findings too can be used in pushing for change, highlighting the need for out faculty members so that straight as well as lesbian and gay students have the opportunity to learn from a diverse faculty in an environment likely to be more lesbian and gay tolerant or friendly.

The final two articles are first person accounts of students who were gay and out in the Harvard Law School class of 1995. Last fall, I taught a seminar on Critical Race and Lesbian-Gay Legal Theory at Harvard. For our last session, I wanted the seminar to read first person accounts of law school experience by a diverse set of students, but was unable to find any essays by lesbian and gay students. At the start of the semester, I therefore suggested to students that they consider writing such pieces as one of their seminar papers. A number of students did so, and we were able to read their work for our last session. Kevin Reuther and Brad Sears were two of the students in that (wonderful) seminar. Their essays describe being out and gay at a large elite law school without a single "out" person on the regular faculty and where, during the first year, few teachers cover lesbian and gay issues at all or present lesbian and gay people other than as criminal defendants. Reuther and Sears describe the pain and necessity of making points and raising issues from a lesbian and gay perspective time after time in class after class. Although neither Reuther nor Sears stress this point, one cannot read their accounts without being impressed by their courage and dignity in navigating so hostile a region. The system rewards those who stay in the closet, and both of these men deliberately faced overt and covert hostility or indifference together with the loss of benefits that could have been theirs had they remained silent.

In reading these autobiographical essays, I was struck by how similar are the experiences of students and faculty. Standing at the front of the room does not eliminate either the necessity or pain of being "out" in an environment in which "reasonable" people agree that "reasonable" people can disagree about whether you are entitled to basic human dignity and respect, whether your speech should be suppressed, whether your most intimate relationships should be criminalized.

Being a member of the faculty does not eliminate the discomfort and hurt one feels when discussing whether government can legitimately and reasonably discriminate against you. Sometimes this happens with colleagues who, even if supportive of lesbian and gay rights, may regard the discussion as one delectable course in the wonderful "intellectual feast"

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that is the law. Straight participants engage in such discussions without any apparent appreciation of how it feels to have your right to be an equal citizen regarded as an intellectual delicacy and a matter of debate on which reasonable people might differ. Even many lesbian and gay-friendly colleagues are likely to react differently to overt racism or sexism and homophobia, regarding racist and sexist beliefs as immoral but homophobia as legitimately based on moral convictions. Just writing this makes me feel tense and inarticulate.

Similar feelings have overwhelmed me in interactions with students, Last fall, I sat as a moot court judge while a student argued that lesbian sexuality was "essentially criminal," thus justifying the firing of an out lesbian on a police force in the state of Aimes. This argument was made in all earnestness, though the Aimes sodomy statute covered (incredibly) not just all heterosexual and homosexual anal and oral sex but also all heterosexual and homosexual contact between the genitals of one person and the fingers of another person (so-called "digital sex" in Aimes, if I remember correctly). Thus, in Aimes, all but the most inhibited of heterosexual and same-sex couples violated the criminal code when sexually intimate, but lesbian sexuality - not sexuality in general - was "essentially criminal." The student making this argument had, of course, no idea what lesbians "do" or (apparently) of what most heterosexuals "do." In such a situation, one is forced either by silence to agree with the speaker that lesbian sexuality is essentially criminal or by speaking reveal intimate details which properly should not be mentioned in a moot courtroom. I compromised. I remember, for example, mentioning that tribadism would be a legal form of lesbian in sexuality in Aimes without defining it. I wonder if the student ever figured out what I was talking about.

The student arguing that lesbian sexuality was "essentially criminal" in Aimes was, of course, right in reality. Sodomy statutes, no matter how broad, are understood as prohibiting all same-sex erotic contact and no consensual adult heterosexual erotic contact.4 Such statutes -- regardless of wording or actual coverage -- criminalize only and all our sexuality, no matter how loving.

Last week, I judged a moot court on the Colorado case.5 Counsel for the state of Colorado justified the statute as necessary to prevent the devaluation of anti-discrimination laws (though in Colorado, anti-discrimination laws covered tobacco smokers); to avoid burdening religious exercise, and to promote family values, and to save money by avoiding enforcement actions. I had to sit there and accept these rationales as superficially plausible, statements that could be made by a reasonable person with a straight6 face. This is a shell game in which we lose. Bias is transformed into neutral reasons, and no one says out loud that the emperor has no clothes. Imagine how law schools would treat similar arguments that state discrimination against women -- for example, a statute prohibiting mothers from working in the wage-labor market -- is justified by the need to protect the "traditional" family or to prevent the state from burdening the free exercise of those whose religion teaches that mothers should not work outside the home. Such arguments would not be made, and if made, would not be seen as reasonable, because they simply restate bias in terms of tradition and religion, both of which have been important participants in the creation of patriarchy and many other evils. Yet such arguments seem something other than the restatement of bias when the question is the right of sexual minorities to the pursuit of happiness. Becoming visible means being forced into categories that do not fit, that are premised on the denial of our reality. This is true generally in American culture and particularly so in legal argument. In the culture, being out means being defined in terms of what one does in bed and as "essentially" sexual: a hyper sexual being whose core identity is sex, sex, sex. In law, arguing for lesbian and gay rights often requires accepting absurd, crazy-making categories and assumptions: that your sexuality is not chosen or at least would be extraordinarily difficult to change (in equal protection arguments for suspect-class protection of lesbian and gay people7); that homophobia is simply an aspect of sexism (in equal protection arguments for lesbian and gay discrimination as sex discrimination); that though your conduct (loving!)

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can be criminalized, your speech cannot (in free speech).8

For many of us, our sexual orientation is something courageously chosen.9 We want to make arguments that recognize sexual choice as legitimate. This should be possible. We live in a liberal society in which "choice" is a trump card justifying all sorts of very problematic heterosexual relationships (she chose to sign the surrogacy contract or to go to his apartment on their first date or to sign the prenuptual agreement waving all economic protection at divorce), but when we choose good relationships, choice undermines their legitimacy.

Viewing lesbian and gay discrimination as only a manifestation of sexism (and therefore sex discrimination) suggests that the agenda for change must focus on the needs of (straight) women, thus shifting attention back to heterosexuals and their relationships and away from us. Further, although it is difficult to identify how homophobia is distinct from sexism in a culture in which the two are so intertwined, on a theoretical level we are likely to miss key aspects of heterosexual domination if we look at our oppression only through the lens of gender.10 Such a focus will surely miss the ways heterosexual women contribute to our second-class status by distancing themselves from "lesbians" and maximizing their own heterosexual privilege in countless other ways, while viewing us from a vantage so privileged they imagine themselves perfectly innocent.

Accepting the speech-conduct distinction requires conceding that our speech and conduct are separable aspects of our experience and being.11 At most, this line of argument can justify only talk, talk, talk, as though being able to chat (about state-enforced celibacy?) were all justice requires since good, loving relationships can reasonably and legitimately be criminalized.

Perhaps this is the crux of the difficulty in being out in our society and the law: neither the culture nor the legal system can perceive the ways in which same-sex relationships can be more intimate and fulfilling than heterosexual relationships, and not merely on an erotic level, though certainly there too. Yet, perhaps especially for women (I do not feel competent to speak for men), a relationship with another woman can provide a far richer and more supportive intimacy than that possible with most men. This aspect of our lives is reduced, in culture and in law, to sexual preference, as though the only advantages of a same-sex relationship were genital. Current constitutional categories and arguments do not recognize our reality as relevant.12 Yet until the goodness and worth of our relationships can be perceived, we will continue as second-class citizens.

I have mentioned only a few of the ways in which participation in legal culture often leaves one feeling that success would be an oxymoron, that legal recognition of lesbian and gay rights is inconsistent with the basic terms of legal discourse so that being out leaves one operating under constraints that feel (almost) as confining as the closet.

Yet visibility is better than the alternative. Each of the pieces in this symposium illustrates this point. Valdes and Hartwell show that out faculty create an environment in which our issues are more likely to be considered, a prerequisite for change. Reuther and Sears describe the advantages, even on emotional levels, of being out, despite the pain. The legal categories and doctrines that deny our reality and view bias as reasonable can change, but will not do so without criticism. True, the crux of homophobia and heterocentrism is not a failure to appreciate some fine intellectual point. I do not know what the crux is, but I know it functions by defining us entirely in sexual terms and then demonizing our sexuality while idealizing heterosexuality. Yet the value of any human relationship turns on particulars of the relationship, not whether it can be categorized as homosexual or heterosexual. The most important aspect of being out may therefore be the potential to change the perception of our relationships. The point is not to improve the thought processes of straight people, but to create an environment in which we, and our relationships, are visible in all dimensions, not

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just the (demonized) sexual. Only in such an environment will we be allowed to flourish like other human beings.

ENDNOTES

1. Audre Lorde, Sister Outsider 40,42 (1984).

2. See Gene P. Schultz, The Inclusion of Sexual Orientation in Non-Discrimination Policies: A Survey of American Law Schools, 2 L. & Sexuality 131, 136-137 (1992).

3. Francisco Valdes, Tracking and Assessing the (Non)Inclusion of Courses on Sexuality and/or Sexual Orientation in the American Law School curriculum A: Reports From the Field, __ Jr. Sexual Orientation & Law __ (1995).

4. See Janet E. Halley, Reasoning About Sodomy: Act and Identity in And After Bowers v. Hardwick, 79 Va. L. Rev. 1721 (1993); Janet E. Halley, Misreading Sodomy: A Critique of the Classification of "Homosexuals" in Federal Equal Protection Law in Body Guards at 351 (Julia Epstein & Kristina Straub, eds. 1991); Nan Hunter, Life After Hardwick, 27 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Re. 531 (1992).

5. Evans v. Romer, 882 P.2d 1335 (Colo. 1994) (state supreme courts strikes state constitutional provision that provides that neither Colorado nor any part thereof can enact an ordinance or policy to prohibit discrimination against homosexuals, lesbians, or bisexuals).

6. Pun intended.

7. It is, of course, quite possible to make such arguments without insisting on immutability (or something close to it). See Janet E. Halley, Sexual Orientation and the Politics of Biology: A Critique of the Argument from Immutability, 46 Stan. L. Rev. 503 (1994). Such arguments are, however, often made. For example, respondents made the argument described in text in the moot court of the Colorado case I judged last week.

8. I first heard this point made by Bill Rubenstein.

9. Many others feel that their sexual orientation is genetic and not chosen, of course, and for them the argument described in text will be more comfortable.

10. See discussion of relationship in Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick, The Epistemology of the Closet 27-35 (1990).

11. Again, I first heard this point made by Bill Rubenstein.

12. For a discussion of the difficulty women have describing the pleasure and pain of their lives, see Robin L. West, The Difference in Women's Hedonic Lives: A Phenomenological Critique of Feminist Legal Theory, 3 Wis. Women's L. J. 81 (1987). Tracking and Assessing the (Non)Inclusion of Courses on Sexuality and/or Sexual Orientation in the American Law School Curriculum:

Reports From the Field After a Decade of Effort

INTRODUCTION

The past ten years mark the first decade of proactive and (somewhat) organized efforts to include sexuality and sexual orientation in American legal education -- a decade that builds on the individuated efforts of even earlier pioneers. During this seminal decade a remarkable

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increase in the inclusion of courses on sexuality and/or sexual orientation in the curriculum of American law schools has taken place. At the same time, as we prepare to enter a second decade of effort on behalf of sexuality and sexual orientation legal education, most law schools in this country still fail to provide an opportunity for their students to learn about the laws and the policies that regulate the expression of human sexualities. This mixed state of affairs is cause both for optimism and for disappointment;.2 it counsels for renewed and increased efforts in this regard as we bring the first decade to a close and turn to the opportunities and challenges of the second decade ahead of us.

This mixed state of affairs is itself quite remarkable, given the universal relevance of this topic: compared to the extensive coverage of subjects such as corporations and securities -- which in everyday life affect directly only a relatively few players in our society -- it is remarkable that the coverage of a subject like sexuality, which directly affects every single member of society in everyday life, should receive such relatively silent treatment.

To help bring some balance and, ideally, some progress, to this state of (mostly) silence, this article reports on the (non)inclusion of courses on sexuality and/or sexual orientation in the law schools of this country as of 1995. In doing so, this article pursues several objectives at once. First and foremost, the article sets out to track and assess the extent of course offerings devoted "primarily"3 to sexuality and/or sexual orientation in the law schools of the nation so that we may be aware of progress, or its lack, in recent years, and so that we thereby may inform our efforts on behalf of such courses in future years. A corollary to this first objective is to identify "related"4 courses that provide some significant or substantial coverage of these issues so that we can draw a broader and more complete sense of progress regarding this subject. However, the main focus and purpose of this article is to map the existence and operation of "primary" courses, which are a key gauge of a law school's coverage of and commitment to education on this subject.

This article also attempts to advance the quality of legal education regarding sexuality and/or sexual orientation by noting similarities in the types of approaches, or sources of materials, that individual teachers in this area have adopted in the absence of standardized established course materials or structures.5 Similarly, this article sets out to facilitate communication between and among legal educators by identifying faculty members currently teaching in this area, helping in this way to promote dialogues or multilogues, and thus a more palpable sense of professional community, that could enhance the way(s) in which we teach our classes. Ultimately, and as a whole, this article endeavors to encourage the unfinished and continuing process of meaningful inclusion for courses on sexuality and/or sexual orientation in the American law school curriculum as we stand on the cusp of a second decade of work calculated to ensure the attainment precisely of this goal.6

Section I of the article outlines the history and the methodology of this project. Section II then summarizes the basic documentary results and findings of this project. Section III continues with a set of four tables that present the raw data gathered via this project in their entirety. Section IV closes the article by noting some concluding and forward-looking thoughts that may be drawn from the data.

HISTORY AND METHODOLOGY

This project began in the fall of 1994 when a questionnaire was sent to the dean of every law school belonging to the American Association of Law Schools (AALS).7 Of 176 schools, 93 responded to that first questionnaire. About six weeks later, a duplicate of that questionnaire was sent to all of the non-responding schools, again asking for the requested information. Of the 83 schools contacted in this follow-up mailing, 60 responded. About six weeks later, every school that still had not responded was contacted by telephone to obtain the requested information.8 At the conclusion of this process, fully 100% of all law schools belonging to the AALS had been documented.

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The documentation process included a request that each law school identify the faculty member(s), whether full-time or otherwise, who taught courses on sexuality and/or sexual orientation. The next step therefore was to contact each identified faculty member directly to obtain further information regarding the nature, contents, and design of these courses.9 In this way, a bank of syllabi was established.10 This bank forms the main source of supplemental information presented in this article to identify general approaches to, and materials used in, the teaching of these courses in American law schools today.

Additionally, every faculty member identified by a law school as teaching in this area was invited to attend a luncheon meeting at the 1995 AALS Annual Meeting, held in New Orleans. The 47 attendees at that luncheon meeting were given copies of the tables and asked to modify or add to the information thus far compiled via the mailed questionnaires and the telephone inquiries.11 This new data then were incorporated into the tables of results set forth below. Finally, each law school reporting the existence of a "primary" course was contacted by telephone during the spring of 1995 to confirm the data and to learn more details about recent enrollment figures specifically for the "primary" courses. This final step completed the data-gathering phase of the project. These findings are streamlined and summarized below, and then presented in full in the tables of data that follow.

II.

SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND RESULTS As mentioned at the outset, the findings and results gathered via this project present a mixed picture. Numerous law schools report some form of coverage of sexuality and/or sexual orientation legal issues in their curriculum: 44 schools reported offering 48 courses that are devoted "primarily" to sexuality and/or sexual orientation,12 while 40 schools reported offering 64 courses that are "related" to this subject in that they cover the subject in some significant or substantial fashion (for example, as in AIDS & the Law).13 These numbers (adjusted for overlaps) thus show that 66 of 176 American law schools -- over one third of the total -- have made room in their curriculum for course(s) that are primarily devoted, or substantially related, to this subject. Yet these numbers simultaneously show that most law schools -- 110 of 176 -- still fail to provide their students with any form of opportunity to engage in the formal study of these legal issues in the context of a course. These numbers thus show significant but qualified inclusion in absolute terms.

Similarly, these numbers show a marked comparative increase -- approaching double - - in the number of schools offering these types of courses during the past five years. In a series of studies concluded in 1990, Gene Schultz found that 35 schools offered 48 courses14 that were either "primary" or "related" as those descriptors are used here.15 As indicated by course titles, it further seems that, of those, 13 schools offered 14 "primary" courses,16 and that 23 schools offered 34 "related" courses.17 By contrast, as just noted, the 66 schools identified in this study today offer a total of 112 "primary" and/or "related" courses.18 These comparative results thus show a dramatic increase both in schools and in course offerings in relative terms.

These absolute and comparative findings also depict a two-track expansion of legal education on this subject in recent years. The results clearly show an expansion at the curricular level-- an expansion from 14 to 48 of "primary" courses within the collective American law curriculum, which represents a threefold-plus increase in the number of specialized courses on sexuality and/or sexual orientation being offered by American law schools as a whole. This increase expands the curriculum itself. However, these results also show an expansion of coverage at the course level-- an expansion of material and, presumably, time devoted to this subject within "related" fields, or ongoing studies, of law. These results thus show a dual expansion both along specialty and mainstream levels-- a simultaneous move towards specialization and mainstreaming that on the whole can help avoid even the appearance of ghettoization and that, as a practical matter, reaches more law students more often during their years of formal education.

Yet a closer comparison of both sets of results shows that eight schools actually have ---------National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, Volume 1--------- -------------------------------END PAGE 152---------------------------------

lost both "primary" and "related" courses that existed in 1990, such that they do not offer any course of either type today.19 Thus, while showing that significant overall progress in absolute and relative terms indeed has been made, these results also show that such progress may be contingent and precarious-- and that, in some instances, progress made in fact has been lost in the subsequent and few years. These net results thus caution against complacency in the wake of a generally successful decade.

Additionally, the enrollment figures for "primary" courses show the average size of these classes range from three to 60 students per course offering. Moreover, the highest concentration of classes falls within a range of 10-25.20 Numerically, these courses therefore reach relatively few American law students even though, of course, these numbers are supplemented by those of students enrolled in "related" courses. These enrollment figures, in tandem with the overall results, provide, at best, grounds for cautious optimism: they depict a definite but limited availability, accessibility, and delivery of educational opportunity regarding sexuality and sexual orientation in formal American legal education. These results, in other words, depict a definite but limited penetration of the curriculum and activities of the American law school.

These results also show a mixed, but not too surprising, geographic distribution for the current course offerings. By and large, the findings of this project indicate that progress is concentrated in schools located along the East and West coasts, or schools located in urban, metropolitan areas, or in schools that are relatively prominent and prestigious.21 Thus, progress is being made, but not across the board, nor consistently throughout the country. These results show pockets, rather than blankets, of progress. On a systemic level they similarly depict a definite but limited penetration of American legal education.

This brief summary indicates how the findings regarding the numbers and types of courses and schools being offered as of 1995, and as we shift from the first to the second decade of this effort, present cause for cautious optimism and determined perseverance. In order to sort through these mixed findings, and to help guide the future direction of efforts in this regard, the data next are broken down into five sets of findings in the Summary Table depicted immediately below. The summary categories presented below, in order of presentation, are: Schools, Courses, Scheduling, Credits, and Faculty.22 This Summary Table then is supplemented with the four tables that report the raw data in their entirety.

Summary Table

I. SCHOOLS

66 Total number of schools offering either or both types of courses: "P" (Primary) "R" (Related)

26 Number of schools offering only "P" courses

44 Number of schools offering "P" courses (with or without "R" courses)

22 Number of schools offering only "R" courses

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40 Number of schools offering "R" courses (with or without "P" courses)

18 Number of schools offering both types of courses

II. COURSES

112 Total number of both types of courses

48 Number of "P" courses

64 Number of "R" courses

III. SCHEDULING

Total number of courses offered:

3 twice every year

63 once every year

26 every other year

2 every three years

5 "Varies"

13 "New"

Number of "P" courses offered:

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twice every year

28 once every year

9 every other year

1 every three years

3 "Varies"

5 "New"

Number of "R" courses offered:

2 twice every year

35 once every year

17 every other year

1 every three years

2 "Varies"

7 "New"

IV. CREDITS

Total number of courses offered for:

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1 credit

2 credits

3 credits

"2 or 3" credits

4 credits

"3 or 4" credits Number of "P" courses offered for:

1 credit

2 credits

3 credits

"2 or 3" credits

4 credits

"3 or 4" credits

Number of "R" courses offered for:

1 credit

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2 credits

3 credits

"2 or 3" credits

4 credits

"3 or 4" credits

V. FACULTY

110* Total number of faculty teaching either or both types of courses

57* Total number of faculty teaching "P" courses

35* Number of "P" teachers who are full-time

23* Number of "P" teachers who are adjunct or visiting

61* Total number of faculty teaching "R" courses

48* Number of "R" teachers who are full-time

13* Number of "R" teachers who are adjunct or visiting

* See supra note 22 for explanation of numerical discrepancies.

As the Summary Table and preceding discussion indicate, the courses devoted "primarily" to sexuality and/or sexual orientation are the specific focus of this project. These courses, as the findings show, generally are offered for two or three academic credits, and

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generally are offered at least once every year: of 48 "primary" courses, over half are offered at least annually and all of them are offered for two or three academic credits. These figures thus indicate that these courses are being added to the law school curriculum with the same level(s) of weight and with the same cycle(s) of frequency that generally apply to upper-level elective law courses. The enrollment figures for "primary" courses additionally, and similarly, show that class sizes for these courses, which generally concentrate in the range of 10-25 students per course, also tend to reflect the usual or typical enrollment for "boutique" courses or seminars.23

Interestingly, the Summary Table also indicates that six of the 48 "primary" courses are "new" courses, meaning that they have been introduced into the curriculum during the past year. And, seven of the 64 "related" courses are "new" too. In combination, these figures show that 13 of the 112 courses -- or about 10% of the total -- were introduced in just the past year. These statistics are significant because they indicate a robust sense of continuing momentum regarding the inclusion of these courses and issues in the curricular menu of American law schools. This indication is corroborated by the comparative data as well.

For instance, in his series of studies conducted between 1985 and 1990, Gene Schultz reported 13 schools offering 14 courses that here would be designated as "primary," whereas this article reports 44 schools offering 48 such courses, thus more than tripling both the number of schools and courses specifically under the "primary" category during the past five years. More generally, and at the institutional level, Schultz also found that the total number of schools reporting either "primary" or "related" courses offerings had quadrupled during the five years spanning his series of studies, ultimately reaching a total of 35 schools by 1990,24 whereas this project reports a total of 66 schools offering either or both types of courses by 1995. Thus, in the past five years the number of schools reporting either or both types of courses has nearly doubled, while in the immediately-preceding five years this number had quadrupled. The past ten years, both in absolute and relative terms, thus reflect exponential (though perhaps currently slowing) momentum at the institutional level.25

Another significant set of statistics reported above in the Summary Table is that both "primary" and "related" courses are usually taught by full-time, tenured or tenure-track faculty: over half of the 48 "primary" courses are taught by full-time faculty, and most of the 64 "related" courses are taught by full-time faculty.26 These findings are significant because they suggest that both types of courses are generally, slowly but surely, being embraced by the category of faculty members with the most power and influence in American legal education.

Additionally, these findings indirectly suggest two other related developments: a general climate of increased acceptance for sexual minority issues, students, faculty, and staff in legal academia as well as a higher number of openly lesbian, bisexual, and gay students, faculty, and staff populating the corridors and classrooms of American law schools. These two points are suggested by the findings of this project because the increase in schools and in courses indicates a growing constituency for the study of these issues within legal culture, and a growing responsiveness to this constituency by dominant forces within legal education. To some extent, these findings consequentially (and indirectly) indicate both tangible and attitudinal progress regarding awareness of, and concern for, the presence and treatment of sexual minority persons and interests in American law schools.27

The data presented above in the discussion and Summary Table, on balance, suggest or depict a gradual and uneven but steady and continuing inclusion and mainstreaming of sexual minority issues and people in contemporary American legal education at the curricular level, at the administrative level, at the student level, and at the faculty level. This process of (non)inclusion, as noted, is measurable both in absolute and comparative terms. These findings, which are based on data provided directly by the schools, in turn can be supplemented with information provided by individual faculty members who submitted their syllabi specifically for "primary" courses. This supplemental information is especially helpful in providing a glimpse of the design and operation of the "primary" courses being offered today. The supplemental findings summarized below therefore are based on the 20 "primary" course syllabi provided directly by the 18 faculty members included in the Syllabi Table that

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is presented immediately below.28

Syllabi Table

Faculty Information Course Information School Information

Jane Harris Aiken Gender, Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 49]

The University of South Carolina Main & Green Streets Columbia, SC 29208 (803) 777-8295 jhaiken@univscvm.csd.scarolina.edu

Mary Becker

[with Nancy Eineshaeur Bigelow Writing Instructor] Critical Race Studies & Lesbian\Gay Legal Theory (3 credits, new course; frequency to be determined) [Enrollment: 7]

University of Chicago Law School 1111 East 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637 (312) 702-9596 mary_becker@law.uchicago.edu

Mary Anne Bobinski

[with Christopher Bacon (Adjunct)] Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 10] University of Houston Law Center 4800 Calhoun

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Houston, TX 77204 (713) 743-2108 mabob@uh.edu

Craig W. Christensen Law & Sexual Orientation (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 21] Southwestern University School of Law 675 South Westmoreland Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90005 (213) 738-6792

Barbara J. Cox Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 7] California Western School of Law 225 Cedar Street San Diego, CA 92101 (619) 525-1496 bcox@cwsl.edu

Barbara J. Cox (Visiting Faculty) Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 credits, varies) [Enrollment: 6] University of San Diego School of Law 5998 Alcala Park San Diego 92110 (619) 525-1496 * bcox@cwsl.edu

Dan Danielsen (Adjunct) Law, Sex & Identity (3 credits, once every other year) [Enrollment: 9] Harvard University Law School Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 832-1192

Jon W. Davidson (Adjunct) Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 18]

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Loyola Law School 1441 W. Olympic Boulevard P.O. Box 15019 Los Angeles, CA 90015 (213) 977-9500 Ext. 225 *

Jon W. Davidson (Adjunct)

[with Christine Littleton] Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, new course; frequency to be determined) [Enrollment: 16]

University of California-Los Angeles 405 Hilgard Avenue School of Law Los Angeles, CA 90024 (213) 977-9500 Ext. 225 *

Ruth Harlow (Adjunct) Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 60] Brooklyn Law School 250 Joralemon Street Brooklyn, NY 11201 (212) 944-9800 Ext. 545 *

Arthur Leonard Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, twice a year) [Enrollment: 20] New York Law School 57 Worth Street New York, NY 10013 (212) 431-2156 asleonardaol.com (preferred) tyws43a@prodigy.com

Christine Littleton

[with Jon W. Davidson] Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, new course; frequency to

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be determined) [Enrollment: 16]

University of California-Los Angeles School of Law 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90024 (310) 206-1245 littln@law.ucla.edu

Stephanie Ridder Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 20] George Washington University National Law Center 2000 H Street Washington, DC 20052 (202) 994-6260 sridder@main.nlc.gwu.edu

Ruthann Robson Sexuality & the Law (3 credits, varies) [Enrollment: unavailable]

City University of New York (CUNY) School of Law Queens College 65-21 Main Street Flushing, NY 11367 (718) 575-4447 rr@maclaw.law.cuny.edu

Vincent J. Samar (Adjunct) Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 6] Chicago - Kent College of Law Illinois Institute of Technology 565 West Adams Street Chicago, IL 60661-3691 (312) 906-5000

Jane L. Scarborough

Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 12]

Northeastern University

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School of Law 400 Huntington Avenue Boston, MA 02115 (617) 373-5775 scarboro@neu.edu

Jane Schacter

Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 or 3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 10] University of Wisconsin Law School 975 Bascom Mall Madison, WI 53706 (608) 263-7408 schacter@facstaff.wisc.edu

Francisco Valdes Law, Policy & Sexuality (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 12] California Western School of Law 225 Cedar Street San Diego, CA 92101 (619) 525-7055 fvaldes@cwsl.edu

Dominick Vetri Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 8] University of Oregon School of Law 1101 Kincaid Street Eugene, OR 97403 (503) 346-3868

Michele A. Zavos (Adjunct) Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 8] American University Washington College of Law 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20016 (202) 885-2600

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* = Telephone numbers for the adjuncts refer to the school's number unless marked with an asterisk

Though it was impracticable to "publish" the 20 syllabi gathered for this project, their contents readily reveal some remarkable similarities in approaches to, and structuring of, the courses devoted "primarily" to sexuality and/or sexual orientation.29 Perhaps most notably, all of these "primary" courses uniformly emphasize cross-disciplinary studies of sexuality and/or sexual orientation legal issues by bringing together a variety of sources from multiple disciplines for use as course materials. This cross-disciplinary approach in turn seems to engender expansive and nuanced treatments of the legal issues regarding sexuality and/or sexual orientation. For instance, most of the courses cover "identity" issues, including the status/conduct distinction, and also explore the relationship between gender and sexuality. In descending order of prevalence, these cross-disciplinary materials tend to emphasize law review articles, book excerpts, essays or articles from gay and lesbian cultural studies, reports and clips from newspapers or magazines, and, finally, primary sources such as statutes and court opinions.

Additionally, of the 20 syllabi, 15 reported adopting "required" texts: ten courses reported using William Rubenstein's Lesbians, Gay Men and the Law,30 two courses reported using Arthur Leonard's Sexuality and the Law,31 two courses reported using a combination of Ruthann Robson's Lesbian (Out) Law, the Harvard Law Review's book on Sexual Orientation & the Law, and John D'Emilio's Sexual Politics, Sexual Communities,32 and one course reported using Estelle Freedman's and John D'Emilio's Intimate Matters.33 However, in each of these courses the required text books are supplemented with additional, cross-disciplinary materials. A few courses also include multi-media materials such as audio tapes and video tapes.

Doctrinally, the syllabi indicate that these "primary" courses generally concentrate on a combination of constitutional law and family law. Under constitutional law, the courses focus on the Fourteenth Amendment (equal protection, discrimination, privacy) and on the First Amendment (expression and association). Under family law, the courses focus on "marriage" and the formation of recognized family units, including adoption, as well as dissolution issues, including child custody. Some coverage of criminal law also takes place in the treatment of sodomy laws. However, these courses sometimes also venture beyond doctrine to consider more theoretical matters, like the sameness/difference dilemma, post-modernism, and the relationship between Bi/Lesbian/Gay studies on the one hand and Feminism or Critical Race theory on the other. Thus, even on a substantive level, these "primary" courses reflect a greater faculty willingness -- or might it be need or liberty? -- to experiment with and expand on the traditional ways and means of selecting, organizing, and presenting the sources, contents, and boundaries of a law school course.

As this summary indicates, the individuated efforts of various faculty across the country to conceptualize and assemble their sexuality/sexual orientation courses seem to be converging in

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some key respects to yield some remarkable commonalities regarding approach, materials, and organization. Over the longer run, these commonalities perhaps may be seen as setting an example for progressive or innovative tendencies more generally in the legal Academy. In the meantime, perhaps new channels and opportunities for cross-communication can aid individual teachers to learn more and faster from each other about this still fresh, uncharted, and unfolding area of law teaching. To help motivate and facilitate increased discourse on the ongoing efforts of today's law teachers to educate American law students on the regulation of human sexualities and orientations, this article next turns to new and upcoming opportunities for cross- communication.

As part of this project, the author recently established an Internet discussion list called "teachsex," which is devoted specifically to facilitating discussions regarding the teaching of courses on sexuality and/or sexual orientation in a law school setting. All of the faculty members listed in the Syllabi Table above provided their mailing addresses, telephone numbers, and, where available, their Internet/e-mail addresses to establish a base of subscribers/discussants for this list, and thereby to help establish lines and networks of communication between and among legal educators on pedagogical and other issues relating to these courses. Accordingly, all of the faculty listed in the Syllabi Table already have been notified by Internet e-mail that the list has been established, and they have been invited to self-subscribe to the list. The same courteousy message has been sent to every teacher (with an Internet address) of a "primary" course identified in Table 2 below. Anyone may subscribe by sending the following message to majordomo@cwsl.edu: subscribe teachsex end

Subscribers will receive a message confirming the subscription to the "teachsex" list.34

Additionally, the author is helping to coordinate a program on "Teaching Sexual Orientation & the Law: Ways and Means" to be held in conjunction with the 1996 AALS Annual Meeting in San Antonio. This program, which is intended as a more formal follow-up to the 1995 luncheon meeting,35 is being sponsored by the Society of American Law Teachers (SALT). Though the details of this event have not been finalized, the event tentatively has been scheduled for the afternoon of "Day Minus One" to avoid conflicts with AALS events.36 As presently being planned, this program will focus on practical ways and means of teaching the subject in a law school setting. Those interested in attending this program therefore should plan travel arrangements early and accordingly. And those interested in participating should contact the author as soon as possible.

III.

TABLES OF RESULTS The raw data gathered in this project is presented in full in this section in the form of the four following tables. Table 1, titled "OVERALL RESULTS," presents the responses of every

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school regarding the (non)inclusion of this type of course in their curriculum. The second and third tables break down these overall results further. Table 2, titled "PRIMARY COURSES," presents the courses (and teaching faculty) that are "primarily" devoted to sexuality and/or sexual orientation. Table 3, titled "RELATED COURSES," includes the courses (and teaching faculty) that devote some significant or substantial time and coverage to issues of sexuality and/or sexual orientation but that are not "primarily" focused on these issues. Table 4, titled "COMPARATIVE RESULTS," tracks the progress made since the last surveys, which Gene Schultz completed five years ago in 1990, by comparing those results with today's results. Beginning on the next page, the data, as reported by the respective sources of information involved in the completion of this project,37 speak for themselves. A forward-looking conclusion then follows the tables to close the article. Copyright 1995 by Francisco X. Valdes

University of Akron C. Blake McDowell Law Center Akron, OH Title of Course: none

The University of Alabama * School of Law Tuscaloosa, AL Title of Course: none

Albany Law School Union University Albany, NY Title of Course: none

American University Washington College of Law Washington, DC Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): P Faculty Name and Status:Michele Zavos (Adjunct) Title of Course:AIDS & the Law Scheduling Cycle:New course; frequency to be determined Credits Granted: 2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Michele Zavos (Adjunct)

University of Arizona College of Law Tucson, AZ Title of Course: none

Arizona State University College of Law Tempe, AZ Title of Course:Gender & Sexuality

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Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted: 2 or 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): R Faculty Name and Status:Ann Stanton

University of Arkansas-Fayetteville Leflar Law Center Fayetteville, AR Title of Course: none

University of Arkansas-Little Rock School of Law Little Rock, AR Title of Course: none

University of Baltimore School of Law Baltimore, MD Title of Course: none

Baylor University School of Law Waco, TX Title of Course: none

Boston College Law School Newton, MA Title of Course: none

Boston University * School of Law Boston, MA Title of Course:Bioethics Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Judge Steven Thayer (Adjunct)

Brigham Young University J. Reuben Clark Law School Provo, UT Title of Course: none

Brooklyn Law School * Brooklyn, NY Title of Course:Sexuality & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): P Faculty Name and Status:Ruth Harlow (Adjunct)

University of California-Berkeley School of Law Berkeley, CA Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law

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Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Matthew Coles (Adjunct)

University of California-Davis School of Law Davis, CA Title of Course: none

University of California-Hastings College of the Law San Francisco, CA Title of Course:Selected Problems in Civil Rights Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Matthew Coles (Adjunct)

University of California-Los Angeles * School of Law Los Angeles, CA Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:New course; frequency to be determined Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Jon W. Davidson (Adjunct) with Christine Littleton Title of Course:Women & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Sheila Kuehl (Adjunct)

California Western School of Law San Diego, CA Title of Course:Law, Policy & Sexuality Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Francisco X. Valdes

Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Barbara J. Cox

Campbell University Norman Adrian Wiggins School of Law Buies Creek, NC Title of Course: none

Capital University *

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Law School Columbus, OH Title of Course:Feminist Theory Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Susan Looper-Friedman Title of Course:Sex-Based Discrimination Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 or 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Shirley Mays Title of Course:Sex & the Law Scheduling Cycle:New course; frequency to be determined Credits Granted: 2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Mark Strasser

Cardozo University * School of Law New York, NY Title of Course: none

Case Western Reserve University Law School Cleveland, OH Title of Course: none

Catholic University of America School of Law Washington, DC Title of Course: none

Catholic University of Puerto Rico School of Law Ponce, PR Title of Course: none

Chicago-Kent College of Law Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, IL Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Vincent Samar (Adjunct)

University of Chicago * Law School Chicago, IL Title of Course:Critical Race & Lesbian\Gay Legal Theory Scheduling Cycle:New course; frequency to be determined Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Mary Becker with

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Nancy Einsenhaeur (Bigelow Writing Instructor)

University of Cincinnati * College of Law Cincinnati, OH Title of Course:AIDS & the Law Scheduling Cycle:New course; frequency to be determined Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Jack Harrison (Adjunct) Title of Course:Sex-Based Discrimination Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Barbara Watts

Cleveland State University Cleveland-Marshall College of Law Cleveland, OH Title of Course: none

University of Colorado School of Law Boulder, CO Title of Course: none

Columbia University School of Law New York, NY Title of Course:Topics in Law & Sexuality Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Kendall Thomas

University of Connecticut School of Law Hartford, CT Title of Course:Employment Discrimination Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Deborah Calloway

Cornell Law School Ithaca, NY Title of Course: none

Creighton University School of Law Omaha, NE Title of Course: none

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Cumberland School of Law of Samford University Birmingham, AL Title of Course: none

(CUNY) City University of New York * School of Law Queens College Flushing, NY Title of Course:Sexuality & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Varies Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Ruthann Robson Title of Course:Family Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): R Faculty Name and Status:Ruthann Robson Title of Course:AIDS Litigation Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:4 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Paula Berg Title of Course:Liberty, Equality & Due Process Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Dinesh Khosla Title of Course:Street Law Scheduling Cycle:Varies Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:David Nadvorney

University of Dayton School of Law Dayton, OH Title of Course: none

University of Denver College of Law Denver, CO Title of Course:Gender & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Sheila Hyatt Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Julia Nice

De Paul University

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College of Law Chicago, IL Title of Course:Women & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): R Faculty Name and Status:Diane Rosenberg (Adjunct) Title of Course:Feminist Jurisprudence Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:N. Morrison Torrey

University of Detroit Mercy School of Law Detroit, MI Title of Course: none

Detroit College of Law Detroit, MI Title of Course: none

Dickinson School of Law Carlisle, PA Title of Course: none

District of Columbia School of Law Washington, DC Title of Course: none

Drake University School of Law Des Moines, IA Title of Course: none

Duke University * School of Law Durham, NC Title of Course:Law & Identity Scheduling Cycle:New course; frequency to be determined Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Katharine Bartlett Title of Course:Gender & Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 or 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Katharine Bartlett

Duquesne University School of Law Pittsburgh, PA Title of Course: none

Emory University

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School of Law Atlanta, GA Title of Course: none

University of Florida College of Law Gainesville, FL Title of Course: none

Florida State University * College of Law Tallahassee, FL Title of Course:Women & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Margaret Baldwin Title of Course:Prostitution & Pornography Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Margaret Baldwin Title of Course:Reproductive Technologies & Rights Scheduling Cycle:Varies Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): R Faculty Name and Status:April Cherry Title of Course:AIDS & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Jean Sternlight Title of Course:Family Law Scheduling Cycle:Twice every year Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Jean Sternlight

Fordham University School of Law New York, NY

Title of Course: none

Franklin Pierce Law Center Concord, NH Title of Course: none

George Mason University * School of Law Arlington, VA Title of Course: none

Georgetown University Law Center Washington, DC

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Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law: Selected Topics in Civil Rights Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Chai Feldblum or Marcia Kuntz (Adjunct) with Robert Raben (Adjunct)

George Washington University National Law Center Washington, DC Title of Course:Sexuality & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Stephanie Ridder

University of Georgia School of Law Athens, GA Title of Course: none

Golden Gate University * School of Law San Francisco, CA Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Joan Howarth with Michael Zamperini or Mary Dunlap (Adjunct)

Gonzaga University School of Law Spokane, WA Title of Course: none

Hamline University * School of Law St. Paul, MN Title of Course:Employment Discrimination Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:A. Ray McCoy

Harvard University Law School Cambridge, MA Title of Course:Law, Sex & Identity (The title may vary according to instructor) Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): P Faculty Name and Status:Dan Danielsen (Adjunct)

University of Hawaii School of Law

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Honolulu, HI Title of Course: none

Hofstra University School of Law Long Island, NY Title of Course: none

University of Houston Law Center Houston, TX Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:every other year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): P Faculty Name and Status:Mary Anne Bobinski with Christopher Bacon (Adjunct) Title of Course:HIV & the Law Scheduling Cycle:once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Mary Anne Bobinski

Howard University School of Law Washington, DC Title of Course: none

University of Idaho College of Law Moscow, ID Title of Course: none

University of Illinois College of Law Champaign, IL Title of Course: none

Indiana University-Bloomington School of Law Bloomington, IN Title of Course:AIDS & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Susan Williams Title of Course:Women & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Lynne Henderson

Indiana University-Indianapolis School of Law Indianapolis, IN Title of Course: none

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Inter American University Santurce, PR Title of Course: none

University of Iowa * College of Law Iowa City, IA Title of Course:Anti-Discrimination Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Jean Love

University of Kansas School of Law Lawrence, KS Title of Course: none

University of Kentucky College of Law Lexington, KY Title of Course: none

Lewis & Clark Northwestern School of Law Portland, OR Title of Course: none

Louisiana State University * Law Center Baton Rouge, LA Title of Course: none

University of Louisville School of Law Louisville, KY Title of Course: none

Loyola University-Chicago School of Law Chicago, IL Title of Course: none

Loyola University-New Orleans School of Law New Orleans, LA Title of Course: none

Loyola Law School * Los Angeles, CA Title of Course:Gender & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Sheila Kuehl (Adjunct)

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Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Jon W. Davidson (Adjunct)

University of Maine School of Law Portland, ME Title of Course:Women & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Ellen Kandonian

McGeorge School of Law University of the Pacific Sacramento, CA Title of Course: none

Marquette University Law School Milwaukee, WI Title of Course:Feminist Legal Theory Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Patricia Bradford

John Marshall Law School Chicago, IL Title of Course:Law Diversity Scheduling Cycle:New course; frequency to be determined Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Susan Brody with Yvette Barksdale

University of Maryland School of Law Baltimore, MD Title of Course: none

Memphis State University School of Law Memphis, TN Title of Course: none

Mercer University Law School Macon, GA Title of Course: none

University of Miami School of Law Coral Gables, FL Title of Course:Sexual Relationships & the Law

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Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Larry Gordon (Adjunct)

University of Michigan * Law School Ann Arbor, MI Title of Course:Sex Equality Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:2 or 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Catharine MacKinnon Title of Course:Sexuality & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Varies Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Paula Ettelbrick (Adjunct)

University of Minnesota Law School Minneapolis, MN Title of Course: none

Mississippi College School of Law Jackson, MS Title of Course: none

University of Mississippi School of Law University, MS Title of Course: none

University of Missouri-Columbia School of Law Columbia, MO Title of Course: none

University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law Kansas City, MO Title of Course: none

William Mitchell College of Law St. Paul, MN Title of Course:Law & Sexuality Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Anthony S. Winer

University of Montana School of Law Missoula, MT Title of Course:Gender Bias

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Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Bari Burke

University of Nebraska College of Law Lincoln, NE Title of Course: none

New College of California School of Law San Francisco, CA Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:New course; frequency to be determined Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Akilah Monifa

New England School of Law * Boston, MA Title of Course:Women & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Judy Greenberg Title of Course:Reproductive Freedom Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Elizabeth Spahn

University of New Mexico School of Law Albuquerque, NM Title of Course: none

New York Law School * New York, NY Title of Course:Sexuality & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Twice every year Credits Granted: 2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Arthur Leonard or Paula Ettelbrick (Adjunct)

New York University * School of Law New York, NY Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:2 or 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Thomas B. Stoddard (Adjunct) Title of Course:Women & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:3

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"Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Sally Goldfarb (Adjunct) with Debra Ellis (Adjunct)

North Carolina Central University School of Law Durham, NC Title of Course: none

University of North Carolina School of Law Chapel Hill, NC Title of Course: none

University of North Dakota School of Law Grand Forks, ND Title of Course: none

Northeastern University School of Law Boston, MA Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Robert Greenwald (Adjunct) or Jane Scarborough

Northern Illinois University College of Law DeKalb, IL Title of Course: none

Northern Kentucky University College of Law Highland Heights, KY Title of Course: none

Northwestern University School of Law Chicago, IL Title of Course: none

Notre Dame Law School Notre Dame, IN Title of Course: none

Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center Fort Lauderdale, FL Title of Course: none

Ohio Northern University Pettit College of Law Ada, OH Title of Course: none

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Ohio State University College of Law Columbus, OH Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Rhonda Rivera

Oklahoma City University Law School Oklahoma City, OK Title of Course: none

University of Oklahoma Law Center Norman, OK Title of Course: none

University of Oregon * School of Law Eugene, OR Title of Course:Seminar in Civil Rights (generic title known as gay, lesbian legal issues) Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): P Faculty Name and Status:Dominick Vetri

Pace University School of Law White Plains, NY Title of Course: none

University of Pennsylvania * Law School Philadelphia, PA Title of Course:Feminist Legal History Scheduling Cycle:New course; frequency to be determined Credits Granted:1 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Sally Gordon Title of Course:Feminist Legal Theory Scheduling Cycle:New course; frequency to be determined Credits Granted:1 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Ann Dailey (Visiting Faculty)

Pepperdine University * School of Law Malibu, CA Title of Course: none

University of Pittsburgh School of Law

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Pittsburgh, PA Title of Course:Sex, Sexuality & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted: 2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Ruth Colker Title of Course:Feminist Jurisprudence Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): R Faculty Name and Status:Martha Chamallas Title of Course:Feminist Jurisprudence Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted: 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Ruth Colker

University of Puerto Rico School of Law Rio Piedras, PR Title of Course: none

Quinnipiac College School of Law Bridgeport, CT Title of Course: none

University of Richmond School of Law Richmond, VA Title of Course: none

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey * School of Law Camden, NJ Title of Course:Feminist Legal Theory Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): R Faculty Name and Status:Sherry Colb Title of Course:Reproduction, Sexuality & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Ann S. Freedman

Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey S.I. Newhouse Center for Law and Justice Newark, NJ Title of Course:Human Sexuality & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Evan Wolfson (Adjunct) with James Hough (Adjunct) or Marc

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Elovitz (Adjunct) Title of Course:Race, Gender & Torts Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted: 2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): R Faculty Name and Status:Twila Perry

St. John's University School of Law Jamaica, NY Title of Course: none

Saint Louis University School of Law St. Louis, MO Title of Course: none

St. Mary's University of San Antonio School of Law San Antonio, TX Title of Course: none

St. Thomas University School of Law Miami, FL Title of Course: none

University of San Diego * School of Law San Diego, CA Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Barbara J. Cox (Visiting Faculty)

University of San Francisco School of Law San Francisco, CA Title of Course: none

Santa Clara University School of Law Santa Clara, CA Title of Course: none

Seattle University School of Law Tacoma, WA Title of Course:Gender & Justice Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Marilyn Berger Title of Course:Law & Sexuality Scheduling Cycle:Once every year

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Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): P Faculty Name and Status:Julie Shapiro with Kellye Y. Testy

Seton Hall University * School of Law Newark, NJ Title of Course:Gender & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Joan Neisser

University of South Carolina * School of Law Columbia, SC Title of Course:Gender, Sexuality & Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Jane Harris Aiken

University of South Dakota School of Law Vermillion, SD Title of Course: none

University of Southern California * Law Center Los Angeles, CA Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Jon W. Davidson (Adjunct) Title of Course:AIDS & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Jon W. Davidson (Adjunct) Title of Course:Gender Discrimination Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Susan Estrich Title of Course:Feminist Jurisprudence Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Catharine Wells Title of Course:Women & Criminal Justice System Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Carrie Hempel Title of Course:Feminist Issues in Biomedical Legal Ethics

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Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Deborah Hensler

Southern Illinois University School of Law Carbondale, IL Title of Course: none

Southern Methodist University School of Law Dallas, TX Title of Course:Law & Sexuality Scheduling Cycle:New course; frequency to be determined Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Jane Dolkart Title of Course:Employment Discrimination Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Jane Dolkart

South Texas College of Law Houston, TX Title of Course:HIV Law Clinic Scheduling Cycle:Once each semester (twice every year) Credits Granted:3 or 4 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Catherine Greene Burnett (Adjunct) with Mitchell Katine (Adjunct)

Southern University * Law Center Baton Rouge, LA Title of Course: none

Southwestern University School of Law Los Angeles, CA Title of Course:Law & Sexual Orientation Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Craig W. Christensen

Stanford Law School * Stanford, CA Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Matthew Coles (Adjunct)

(SUNY) State University of New York-Buffalo

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School of Law Buffalo, NY Title of Course: none

Suffolk University Law School * Boston, MA Title of Course:Gender & Equality of Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Kate Day

Syracuse University * College of Law Syracuse, NY Title of Course:Women & Criminal Justice System Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Paula Johnson Title of Course:Race & Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Debra Post (Visiting Faculty)

Temple University School of Law Philadelphia, PA Title of Course: none

University of Tennessee * College of Law Knoxville, TN Title of Course:Race & Gender Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Fran Ansley Title of Course:Women & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Fran Ansley

University of Texas School of Law Austin, TX Title of Course:Gender, Law & History Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Elvia Arriola or Zipporah Batshaw Wiseman

Texas Southern University *

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School of Law Houston, TX Title of Course: none

Texas Tech University School of Law Lubbock, TX Title of Course: none

The J.A.G. School, U.S.A. Charlottesville, VA Title of Course: none

Thomas M. Cooley Law School Lansing, MI Title of Course: none

University of Toledo College of Law Toledo, OH Title of Course: none

Touro College Law Center Huntington, NY Title of Course: none

Tulane University School of Law New Orleans, LA Title of Course: none

University of Tulsa * College of Law Tulsa, OK Title of Course: none

University of Utah * College of Law Salt Lake City, UT Title of Course:Legal Theory: Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Terry S. Kogan Title of Course:Groups & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:2 or 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Karen Engle with Dan Greenwood Title of Course:Critical Legal Theory Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Karen Engle Title of Course:Feminist Legal Theory Scheduling Cycle:Every other year

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Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Debora Threedy

Valparaiso University School of Law Valparaiso, IN Title of Course: none

Vanderbilt University School of Law Nashville, TN Title of Course: none

Vermont Law School South Royalton, VT Title of Course: none

Villanova University School of Law Villanova, PA Title of Course: none

University of Virginia * School of Law Charlottesville, VA Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Mary Anne Case or Daniel Ortiz Title of Course:Feminist Jurisprudence Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): R Faculty Name and Status:Mary Anne Case

Wake Forest University * School of Law Winston-Salem, NC Title of Course: none

Washburn University School of Law Topeka, KS Title of Course:Comparative Gay & Lesbian Rights Scheduling Cycle:Every three years Credits Granted: 2 or 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Nancy G. Maxwell Title of Course:Feminist Jurisprudence Scheduling Cycle:Every three years Credits Granted:2 or 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): R Faculty Name and Status:Nancy G. Maxwell

Washington and Lee University

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School of Law Lexington, VA Title of Course: none

University of Washington School of Law Seattle, WA Title of Course: none

Washington University School of Law St. Louis, MO Title of Course: none

Wayne State University Law School Detroit, MI Title of Course: none

West Virginia University College of Law Morgantown, WV Title of Course: none

Western New England College * School of Law Springfield, MA Title of Course: none

Whittier Law School Los Angeles, CA Title of Course:Contemporary Social Problems: AIDS & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:John Heilman (Visiting Faculty)

Widener University School of Law Wilmington, DE Title of Course: none

Willamette University College of Law Salem, OR Title of Course: none

College of William and Mary * Marshall-Wythe School of Law Williamsburg, VA Title of Course:Women & the Law Scheduling Cycle:New course; frequency to be determined Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):R Faculty Name and Status:Susan Grover

---------National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, Volume 1--------- -------------------------------END PAGE 189---------------------------------

University of Wisconsin Law School Madison, WI Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 or 3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Jane Schacter

University of Wyoming College of Law Laramie, WY Title of Course: none

Yale Law School New Haven, CT Title of Course:Law & Sexuality Scheduling Cycle:Every other year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:Harlon Dalton Title of Course:Sexual Orientation & the Law Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:3 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R):P Faculty Name and Status:William R. Rubenstein (Adjunct) Title of Course:Sexual Orientation Theory Scheduling Cycle:Once every year Credits Granted:2 "Primary" (P) v. "Related" (R): P Faculty Name and Status:William R. Rubenstein (Adjunct) Copyright 1995 by Francisco X. Valdes Table 2: Faculty Teaching "Primary Courses": How to Contact and Course Information (Telephone numbers for the adjuncts refer to the school's number unless marked with an asterisk; course enrollment figures, where available, are for the last offering of the course.)

Jane Harris Aiken University of South Carolina School of Law Main & Green Streets Columbia, SC 29208 (803) 777-8295 jhaiken@univscvm.csd.scarolina.edu Gender, Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 49]

Elvia Arriola [or Zipporah Batshaw Wiseman] University of Texas School of Law 727 East 26th Street Austin, TX 78705 (512) 471-5137 earriola@msmail.law.utexas.edu Gender, Law & History

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(2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: unavailable]

Christopher Bacon (Adjunct) [with Mary Anne Bobinski] University of Houston Law Center 4800 Calhoun Houston, TX 77204 (713) 743-2108 Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 10]

Katharine Bartlett Duke University School of Law Corner of Science Drive & Towerview Road, Box 90362 Durham, NC 27708-0362 (919) 613-7094 bartlett@faculty.law.duke.edu Gender & Law (2 or 3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 16]

Mary Becker [with Nancy Einsenhaeur Bigelow Writing Instructor] University of Chicago Law School 1111 East 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637 (312) 702-9596 mary_becker@law.uchicago.edu Critical Race & Lesbian\Gay Legal Theory (3 credits, new course; frequency to be determined) [Enrollment: 7]

Mary Anne Bobinski [with Christopher Bacon (Adjunct)] University of Houston Law Center 4800 Calhoun Houston, TX 77204 (713) 743-2108 mabob@uh.edu Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 10]

Mary Anne Case

---------National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, Volume 1--------- -------------------------------END PAGE 191---------------------------------

[or Daniel Ortiz] University of Virginia School of Law Charlottesville, VA 22903 (804) 924-3022 mcc5k@virginia.edu Regulating Family, Sex & Gender (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 38]

Craig W. Christensen Southwestern University School of Law 675 South Westmoreland Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90005 (213) 738-6792 Law & Sexual Orientation (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 21]

Matthew Coles (Adjunct) University of California-Hastings College of the Law 200 McAllister Street San Francisco, CA 94102 (415) 565-4600 Selected Problems in Civil Rights (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 7]

Matthew Coles (Adjunct) University of California-Berkeley School of Law Boalt Hall Berkeley, CA 94720 (510) 642-1741 Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 16]

Matthew Coles (Adjuct) Stanford Law School Nathan Abbott Way at Alvarado Row Stanford, CA 94305 (415) 723-2465 Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 21]

Ruth Colker University of Pittsburgh

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School of Law 3900 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (412) 648-1490 ruc+@pitt.edu Sex, Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 15]

Barbara J. Cox California Western School of Law 225 Cedar Street San Diego, CA 92101 (619) 525-1496 bcox@cwsl.edu Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 7]

Barbara J. Cox (Visiting Faculty) University of San Diego School of Law 5998 Alcala Park San Diego, CA 92110 (619) 525-1496 * bcox@cwsl.edu Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 6]

Harlon Dalton Yale Law School 127 Wall Street P.O. Box 208215 Yale Station New Haven, CT 06520 (203) 432-4933 dalton@mail.law.yale.edu Law & Sexuality (3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 16]

Dan Danielsen (Adjunct) Harvard University Law School Cambridge, MA 02138 (617) 832-1192 * Law, Sex & Identity (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 9]

Jon W. Davidson (Adjunct) Loyola Law School

---------National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, Volume 1--------- -------------------------------END PAGE 193---------------------------------

1441 W. Olympic Boulevard P.O. Box 15019 Los Angeles, CA 90015 (213) 977-9500 Ext. 225 * Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 18]

Jon W. Davidson (Adjunct) [with Christine Littleton] University of California-Los Angeles School of Law 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90024 (213) 977-9500 Ext. 225 * Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, new course; frequency to be determined) [Enrollment: 16]

Jon W. Davidson (Adjunct) University of Southern California Law Center 699 Exposition Boulevard University Park Los Angeles, CA 90089 (213) 977-9500 Ext. 225 * Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 10]

Jane Dolkart Southern Methodist University School of Law Storey Hall 3315 Daniel Avenue Dallas, TX 75275-0116 (214) 768-4396 jdolkart@sun.cis.smu.edu Law & Sexuality (3 credits, new course; frequency to be determined) [Enrollment: unavailable]

Mary Dunlap (Adjunct) [or Joan Howarth with Michael Zamperini] Golden Gate University School of Law 536 Mission Street

---------National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, Volume 1--------- -------------------------------END PAGE 194---------------------------------

San Francisco, CA 94105 (415) 442-6600 Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 14]

Nancy Einsenhaeur (Bigelow Writing Instructor) [with Mary Becker] University of Chicago Law School 1111 East 60th Street Chicago, IL 60637 (312) 702-9494 Critical Race & Lesbian\Gay Legal Theory (3 credits, new course; frequency to be determined) [Enrollment: 7]

Marc Elovitz (Adjunct) [or Evan Wolfson (Adjunct) with James Hough (Adjunct)] Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey S.I. Newhouse Center for Law & Justice 15 Washington Street Newark, New Jersey 07102 (201) 648-5561 Human Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 5]

Paula Ettelbrick (Adjunct) University of Michigan Law School 625 South State Street Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (212) 979-5959 * Please contact Ms. Ettelbrick at home. The address is: 24 Fifth Avenue, #705 New York, NY 10011 Sexuality & the Law (3 credits, varies) [Enrollment: 40]

Paula Ettelbrick (Adjunct) [or Arthur Leonard] New York Law School 57 Worth Street New York, NY 10013-2960 (212) 979-5959 *

---------National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, Volume 1--------- -------------------------------END PAGE 195---------------------------------

Please contact Ms. Ettelbrick at home. The address is: 24 Fifth Avenue, #705 New York, NY 10011 Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, twice every year) [Enrollment: 29]

Chai Feldblum [or Marcia Kuntz (Adjunct) with Robert Raben (Adjunct)] Georgetown University Law Center 600 New Jersey Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 (202) 662-9477 feldblum@law.georgetown.edu Sexual Orientation & the Law: Selected Topics in Civil Rights (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 35]

Ann S. Freedman Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 5th and Penn Streets Camden, NJ 08102 (609) 757-6375 aefreedm@camden.rutgers.edu Reproduction, Sexuality & the Law (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 3]

Larry Gordon (Adjunct) University of Miami School of Law 1311 Miller Drive P.O. Box 248087 Coral Gables, FL 33124 (305) 284-2392 Sexual Relationships & theLaw (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 25]

Robert Greenwald (Adjunct) [or Jane Scarborough] Northeastern University School of Law 400 Huntington Avenue Boston, MA 02115 (617) 373-3307 Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, once every year)

---------National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, Volume 1--------- -------------------------------END PAGE 196---------------------------------

[Enrollment: unavailable]

Ruth Harlow (Adjunct) Brooklyn Law School 250 Joralemon Street Brooklyn, NY 11201 (718) 625-2200 (212) 944-9800 Ext. 545 * Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 60]

James Hough (Adjunct) [with Evan Wolfson (Adjunct) or Marc Elovitz (Adjunct)] Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey S.I. Newhouse Center for Law & Justice 15 Washington Street Newark, NJ 07102 (201) 648-5561 Human Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 5]

Joan Howarth [with Michael Zamperini or Mary Dunlap (Adjunct)] Golden Gate University School of Law 536 Mission Street San Francisco, CA 94105 (415) 442-6645

Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 12] Terry S. Kogan University of Utah College of Law Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (801) 581-7890 terry.kogan@m.cc.utah.edu Legal Theory: Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 6]

Marcia Kuntz (Adjunct) [with Robert Raben (Adjunct) or Chai Feldblum] Georgetown University Law Center

---------National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, Volume 1--------- -------------------------------END PAGE 197---------------------------------

600 New Jersey Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 (202) 662-9000 Sexual Orientation & the Law: Selected Topics in Civil Rights (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 25]

Arthur Leonard [or Paula Ettelbrick (Adjunct)] New York Law School 57 Worth Street New York, NY 10013 (212) 431-2156 asleonard@aol.com (preferred) tyws43a@prodigy.com Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, twice every year) [Enrollment: 20]

Christine Littleton [with Jon W. Davidson (Adjunct)] University of California-Los Angeles School of Law 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90024 (310) 206-1245 littletn@law.ucla.edu Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, new course; frequency to be determined) [Enrollment: 16]

Nancy G. Maxwell Washburn University School of Law 1700 College Topeka, KS 66621 (913) 231-1060 ext. 1837 zzmaxw@acc.wuacc.edu Comparative Gay & Lesbian Rights (2 or 3 credits, every three years) [Enrollment: 22]

Akilah Monifa New College of California School of Law 50 Fell Street San Francisco, CA 94102 (415) 241-1319 amonifa@ncgate.newcollege.edu Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, new course; frequency to be determined)

---------National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, Volume 1--------- -------------------------------END PAGE 198---------------------------------

[Enrollment: 8]

Julie Nice University of Denver College of Law 7039 East 18th Avenue Denver, CO 80220 (303) 871-6312 jnice@adm.law.du.edu Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 23]

Daniel Ortiz [or Mary Anne Case] University of Virginia School of Law Charlottesville, VA 22903 (804) 924-3127 dro@virginia.edu Regulating Family, Sex & Gender (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 38]

Robert Raben (Adjunct) [with Marcia Kuntz (Adjunct) or Chai Feldblum] Georgetown University Law Center 600 New Jersey Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 (202) 662-9000

Sexual Orientation & the Law: Selected Topics in Civil Rights (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 25]

Stephanie Ridder George Washington University National Law Center 2000 H Street Washington, DC 20052 (202) 994-6260 sridder@main.nlc.gwu.edu Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 20]

Rhonda Rivera Ohio State University College of Law 55 West 12th Avenue Columbus, OH 43210

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(614) 292-2422 rivera.l@osu.edu Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 26]

Ruthann Robson (CUNY) City University of New York School of Law Queens College 65-21 Main Street Flushing, NY 11367 (718) 575-4447 rr@maclaw.law.cuny.edu Sexuality & the Law (3 credits, varies) [Enrollment: unavailable]

William B. Rubenstein (Adjunct) Yale Law School 127 Wall Street P.O. Box 208215 New Haven, CT 06520 (212) 944-9800 Ext. 545 * braclu@aol.com Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 12] Sexual Orientation Theory (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 9]

Vincent Samar (Adjunct) Chicago-Kent College of Law Illinois Institute of Technology 565 West Adams Street Chicago, IL 60661-3691 (312) 906-5000 Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 6]

Jane L. Scarborough [or Robert Greenwald (Adjunct)] Northeastern University School of Law 400 Huntington Avenue Boston, MA 02115 (617) 373-5775 scarboro@neu.edu Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 12]

---------National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, Volume 1--------- -------------------------------END PAGE 200---------------------------------

Jane Schacter University of Wisconsin Law School 975 Bascom Mall Madison, WI 53706 (608) 263-7408 schacter@facstaff.wisc.edu Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 or 3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 10]

Julie Shapiro [with Kellye Y. Testy] 3eattle University School of Law 950 Broadway Plaza Tacoma, WA 98402 (206) 591-2209 shapiro@ups.edu or shapiro@seattleu.edu Law & Sexuality (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 40]

Thomas B. Stoddard (Adjunct) New York University School of Law 40 Washington Square South New York, NY 10012 (212) 998-6100 Sexual Orientation & the Law (2 or 3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 25]

Mark Strasser Capital University Law School 665 South High Street Columbus, OH 43215 (614) 445-8836 ext. 121 mstrasse@mcs.capital.edu Sex & the Law (2 credits, new course; frequency to be determined) [Enrollment: 16]

Kellye Y. Testy [with Julie Shapiro] Seattle University School of Law 950 Broadway Plaza

---------National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, Volume 1--------- -------------------------------END PAGE 201---------------------------------

Tacoma, WA 98402 (206) 591-2214 ktesty@ups.edu or ktesty@seattle.edu Law & Sexuality (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 40]

Kendall Thomas Columbia University School of Law 435 West 116 Street New York, NY 10027 (212) 854-2671 kthomas@lawmail.law.colombia.edu Topics in Law & Sexuality (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 18]

Francisco X. Valdes California Western School of Law 225 Cedar Street San Diego, CA 92101 (619) 525-7055 fvaldes@cwsl.edu Law, Policy & Sexuality (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 12]

Dominick Vetri University of Oregon School of Law 1101 Kincaid Street Eugene, OR 97403 (503) 346-3868 dvetri@law.uoregon.edu Seminar in Civil Rights (generic title known as gay, lesbian legal issues) (3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 8]

Zipporah Batshaw Wiseman [or Elvia Arriola] University of Texas School of Law 727 East 26th Street Austin, TX 78705 (512) 471-1551 zwiseman@msmail.law.utexas.edu Gender, Law & History (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 51]

Anthony S. Winer

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William Mitchell College of Law 875 Summit Avenue St. Paul, MN 55105 (612) 290-6365 awiner@wmitchell.edu Law & Sexuality (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 12]

Evan Wolfson (Adjunct) [with James Hough (Adjunct) or Marc Elovitz (Adjunct)] Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey S.I. Newhouse Center for Law & Justice 15 Washington Street Newark, NJ 07102 (201) 648-5561 Human Sexuality & the Law (2 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 5]

Michael Zamperini [with Joan Howarth or Mary Dunlap (Adjunct)] Golden Gate University School of Law 536 Mission Street San Francisco, CA 94105 (415) 442-6658 Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, every other year) [Enrollment: 12]

Michele A. Zavos (Adjunct) American University Washington College of Law 4400 Massachusetts Avenue Washington, DC 20016 (202) 885-2600 Sexual Orientation & the Law (3 credits, once every year) [Enrollment: 8] Copyright 1995 by Francisco X. Valdes

Table 3: Faculty Teaching "Related Courses": How to Contact and Course Information (Telephone numbers for the adjuncts refer to the school's number unless marked with an asterisk.)

Fran Ansley University of Tennessee College of Law 1505 West Cumberland Avenue Knoxville, TN 37996

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(615) 974-6814 ansley@utkvx.utk.edu Race & Gender (2 credits, every other year) Women & the Law (3 credits, every other year)

Margaret Baldwin Florida State University College of Law 425 W. Jefferson Street Tallahasse, FL 32306-1034 (904) 644-3449 mbaldwin@law.fsu.edu Women & the Law (2 credits, once every year) Prostitution & Pornography (2 credits, once every year)

Yvette Barksdale [with Susan Brody] John Marshall Law School 315 South Plymouth Court Chicago, IL 60604 (312) 987-2388 Law Diversity (3 credits, new course; frequency to be determined)

Katharine Bartlett Duke University School of Law Towerview Road Box 90362 Durham, NC 27708-0362 (919) 613-7094 bartlett@faculty.law.duke.edu Law & Identity (3 credits, new course; frequency to be determined)

Paula Berg (CUNY) City University of New York School of Law Queens College 65-21 Main Street Flushing, NY 11367 (718) 575-4426 peb@maclaw.law.cuny.edu AIDS Litigation Seminar (4 credits, once every year)

Marilyn Berger Seattle University School of Law 950 Broadway Plaza

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Tacoma, WA 98402 (206) 591-2248 Gender & Justice (2 credits, once every year)

Mary Anne Bobinski University of Houston Law Center 4800 Calhoun Houston, TX 77204 (713) 743-2108 mabob@uh.edu HIV & the Law (3 credits, once every year)

Patricia Bradford Marquette University Law School 1103 West Wisconsin Avenue Milwaukee, WI 53233 (414) 288-5375 Feminist Legal Theory (3 credits, once every year)

Susan Brody

[with Yvette Barksdale] John Marshall Law School 315 South Plymouth Court Chicago, IL 60604 (312) 987-1400 7brody@jmls.edu Law Diversity (3 credits, new course; frequency to be determined)

Bari Burke University of Montana School of Law Missoula, MT 59812 (406) 243-4311 lw-brb@lewis.umt.edu Gender Bias (2 credits, every other year)

Catherine Greene Burnett (Adjunct) [with Mitchell Katine (Adjunct)] South Texas College of Law 1303 San Jacinto Houston, TX 77002-7000 (713) 646-1831 HIV Law Clinic (3 or 4 credits, once each semester [twice every year])

---------National Journal of Sexual Orientation Law, Volume 1--------- -------------------------------END PAGE 205---------------------------------

Deborah Calloway University of Connecticut School of Law 65 Elizabeth Street Hartford, CT 06105 (203) 241-4658 dcallowa@story.law.uconn.edu Employment Discrimination (3 credits, once every year)

Mary Anne Case University of Virginia School of Law Charlottesville, VA 22903 (804) 924-3022 mcc5k@virginia.edu Feminist Jurisprudence (3 credits, once every year)

Martha Chamallas University of Pittsburgh School of Law 3900 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (412) 648-1400 Feminist Jurisprudence (3 credits, every other year)

April Cherry Florida State University College of Law 425 W. Jefferson Street Tallahasse, FL 32306-1034 (904) 644-5420 acherry@law.fsu.edu Reproductive Technologies & Rights (3 credits, varies)

Sherry Colb Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey 5th and Penn Streets Camden, NY 08102 (609) 225-6384 colb@camden.rutgers.edu Feminist Legal Theory (2 credits, once every year)

Ruth Colker University of Pittsburgh 3900 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh, PA 15260 (412) 648-1490 ruc+@pitt.edu

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Feminist Jurisprudence (3 credits, every other year)

Ann Dailey (Visiting Faculty) University of Pennsylvania Law School 3400 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 (215) 898-7483 Feminist Legal Theory (1 credit, new course; frequency to be determined)

Jon Davidson (Adjunct) University of Southern California Law Center 699 Exposition Boulevard University Park Los Angeles, CA 90089 (213) 977-9500 Ext. 225 * AIDS & the Law (2 credits, every other year)

Kate Day Suffolk University Law School 41 Temple Street Boston, MA 02114 (617) 573-8000 Gender & Equality of Law (3 credits, once every year)

Jane Dolkart Southern Methodist University School of Law Storey Hall 3315 Daniel Avenue Dallas, TX 75275-0116 (214) 768-4396 jdolkart@sun.cis.smu.edu Employment Discrimination (3 credits, once every year)

Debra Ellis (Adjunct) [with Sally Goldfarb (Adjunct)] New York University School of Law 40 Washington Square South New York, NY 10012 (212) 998-6100 Women & the Law (3 credits, every other year)

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Karen Engle [with Dan Greenwood] University of Utah College of Law Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (801) 581-7352 engle@admn1.law.utah.edu Groups & the Law (2 or 3 credits, every other year) Critical Legal Theory (2 credits, every other year)

Susan Estrich University of Southern California Law Center 699 Exposition Boulevard University Park Los Angeles, CA 90089 (213) 740-7578 sestrich@law.usc.edu Gender Discrimination (3 credits, once every year)

Sally Goldfarb (Adjunct) [with Debra Ellis (Adjunct)] New York University School of Law 40 Washington Square South New York, NY 10012 (212) 998-6100 Women & the Law (3 credits, every other year)

Sally Gordon University of Pennsylvania Law School 3400 Chestnut Street Philadelphia, PA 19104 (215) 898-7483 sgordon@oyez.law.upenn.edu Feminist Legal History (1 credit, new course; frequency to be determined)

Judy Greenberg New England School of Law 154 Stuart Street Boston, MA 02116 (617) 451-0010 Women & the Law (3 credits, once every year)

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Dan Greenwood [with Karen Engle] University of Utah College of Law Salt Lake City, UT 84112 (801) 581-5201 greenwood@admn1.law.utah.edu Groups & the Law (2 or 3 credits, every other year)

Susan Grover College of William and Mary Marshall-Wythe School of Law South Henry Street P.O. Box 8795 Williamsburg, VA 23187 (804) 221-3846 ssgrov@mail.wm.edu Women & the Law (3 credits, new course; frequency to be determined)

Jack Harrison (Adjunct) University of Cincinnati College of Law Clifton and Calhoun Streets Cincinnati, OH 45221 (513) 556-6805 AIDS & the Law (2 credits, new course; frequency to be determined)

John Heilman (Visiting Faculty) Whittier Law School 5353 W. 3rd Street Los Angeles, CA 90020 (213) 938-3621 ext. 245 Contemporary Social Problems: AIDS & the Law (2 credits, once every year)

Carrie Hempel University of Southern California Law Center 699 Exposition Boulevard University Park Los Angeles, CA 90089 (213) 740-9322 Women & Criminal Justice System (2 credits, once every year)

Lynne Henderson

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Indiana University-Bloomington School of Law Third Street and Indiana Avenue Bloomington, IN 47405 (812) 855-4079 lhenders@indiana.edu Women & the Law (3 credits, once every year)

Deborah Hensler University of Southern California Law Center 699 Exposition Boulevard University Park Los Angeles, CA 90089 (213) 740-3065 dhensler@law.usc.edu Feminist Issues in Biomedical Legal Ethics (2 credits, every other year)

Sheila Hyatt

University of Denver College of Law 7039 East 18th Avenue Denver, CO 80220 (303) 871-6293 Gender & the Law (3 credits, once every year)

Paula Johnson Syracuse University College of Law Syracuse, NY 13244 (315) 443-2524 pcjohnso@syr.law.edu Women & Criminal Justice System (3 credits, once every year)

Ellen Kandonian University of Maine School of Law 246 Deering Avenue Portland, ME 04102 (207) 780-4355 Women & the Law (3 credits, every other year)

Mitchell Katine (Adjunct) [with Catherine Greene Burnett (Adjunct)] South Texas College of Law 1303 San Jacinto Houston, TX 77002-7000

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(713) 659-8040 HIV Law Clinic (3 or 4 credits, once each semester [twice every year])

Dinesh Khosla (CUNY) City University of New York School of Law Queens College 65-21 Main Street Flushing, NY 11367 (718) 575-4315 Liberty, Equality & Due Process (2 credits, once every year)

Sheila Kuehl (Adjunct) Loyola Law School One East Pearson Street Chicago, IL 60611 (818) 501-8991* Gender & the Law (2 credits, once every year)

Sheila Kuehl (Adjunct) University of California-Los Angeles School of Law 405 Hilgard Avenue Los Angeles, CA 90024 (818) 501-8991* Women & the Law (3 credits, once every year)

Susan Looper-Friedman Capital University Law School 665 South High Street Columbus, Ohio 43215 (614) 445-8836 ext. 112 slooper@capital.edu Feminist Theory (2 credits, once every year)

Jean Love University of Iowa College of Law Iowa City, IA 52242 (319) 335-9018 jlove@lawnet-po.law.uiowa.edu Anti-Discrimination Law (3 credits, once every year)

Catharine Mac Kinnon University of Michigan

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Law School 625 South State Street Ann Arbor, MI 48109 (313) 764-1358 catherine.a.mackinnon@umich.edu Sex Equality (2 or 3 credits, every other year)

Nancy G. Maxwell Washburn University School of Law 1700 College Topeka, KS 66621 (913) 231-1060 ext. 1837 zzmaxw@acc.wuacc.edu Feminist Jurisprudence (2 or 3 credits, every three years)

Shirley Mays Capital University Law School 665 South High Street Columbus, OH 43215 (614) 445-8836 ext. 234 Sex-Based Discrimination (2 or 3 credits, once every year)

A. Ray McCoy Hamline University School of Law 1536 Hewitt Avenue St. Paul, MN 55104 (612) 641-2966 Employment Discrimination (2 credits, every other year)

David Nadvorney (CUNY) City University of New York School of Law Queens College 65-21 Main Street Flushing, NY 11367 (718) 575-4343 nad@maclaw.law.cuny.edu Street Law (3 credits, varies)

Joan Neisser Seton Hall University School of Law 1 Newark Center Newark, NJ 07102 (201) 642-8724 Gender & the Law (2 credits, every other year)

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Twila Perry Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey S.I. Newhouse Center for Law & Justice 15 Washington Street Newark, New Jersey 07102 (201) 648-5927 Race, Gender & Torts (2 credits, once every year)

Debra Post (Visiting Faculty) Syracuse University College of Law Syracuse, NY 13244 (315) 443-2524 Race & Law (3 credits, once every year)

Ruthann Robson (CUNY) City University of New York School of Law Queens College 65-21 Main Street Flushing, NY 11367 (718) 575-4447 rr@maclaw.law.cuny.edu Family Law (2 credits, once every year)

Diane Rosenberg (Adjunct) De Paul University College of Law 25 East Jackson Boulevard Chicago, IL 60604 (312) 362-8701 Women & the Law (3 credits, once every year)

Elizabeth Spahn New England School of Law 154 Stuart Street Boston, MA 02116 (617) 451-0010 Reproductive Freedom (2 credits, once every year)

Ann Stanton Arizona State University College of Law Box 877906 Tempe, AZ 85287-7906 (602) 965-6648 ann.stanton@asu.edu

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Gender & Sexuality (2 or 3 credits, every other year)

Jean R. Sternlight Florida State University College of Law 425 W. Jefferson Street Tallahasse, FL 32306-1034 (904) 644-1596 jsternli@law.fsu.edu AIDS & the Law (3 credits, once every year) Family Law (3 credits, twice every year)

Judge Steven Thayer (Adjunct) Boston University School of Law 765 Commonwealth Avenue Boston, MA 02215 (617) 353-3110 Bioethics (3 credits, once every year)

Debora Threedy University of Utah College of Law Salt Lake City, Utah 84112 (801) 581-5165 threedy@admnl.law.utah.edu Feminist Legal Theory (3 credits, every other year)

N. Morrison Torrey De Paul University College of Law 25 East Jackson Boulevard Chicago, IL 60604 (312) 362-8135 Feminist Jurisprudence (3 credits, once every year)

Barbara Watts University of Cincinnati College of Law Clifton and Calhoun Streets Cincinnati, OH 45221 (513) 556-4174 Sex-Based Discrimination (2 credits, once every year)

Catharine Wells University of Southern California Law Center 699 Exposition Boulevard University Park

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Los Angeles, CA 90089 (213) 740-4793 cwells.@law.usc.edu Feminist Jurisprudence (2 credits, once every year)

Susan Williams Indiana University-Bloomington School of Law Third Street and Indiana Avenue Bloomington, IN 47405 (812) 855-7995 susanwilliams@indiana.edu AIDS & the Law (3 credits, once every year)

Michele A. Zavos (Adjunct) American University Washington College of Law 4400 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W. Washington, DC 20016 (202) 885-2600 AIDS & the Law (2 credits, new course; frequency to be determined)

Table 4: Comparative Results (Shultz Surveys) March, 1995

Arizona State University College of Law Previous Course(s):Gender, Sexuality & the Law Current Course(s):Gender & Sexuality

Boston University School of Law Previous Course(s):Law & Regulation of Morality Current Course(s):Bioethics

Brooklyn Law School Previous Course(s):Morals, Sexuality & the Law Current Course(s):Sexuality & the Law

University of California-Hastings School of Law Previous Course(s):Selected Problems in Civil Rights; Sex Discrimination & the Law; Constitution & the Family Current Course(s):Selected Problems in Civil Rights

University of California-Los Angeles School of Law Previous Course(s):Seminar in Feminist Legal Theory; Seminar in Legal Theory: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence; Employment Discrimination; Women & the Law; Women & the Law

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- Feminist Jurisprudence Current Course(s):Sexual Orientation & the Law Women & the Law

California Western School of Law Previous Course(s):Law, Gender & Sexuality Current Course(s):Law, Policy & Sexuality; Sexual Orientation & the Law

University of Chicago Law School Previous Course(s):AIDS: Legal & Public Policy Issues Current Course(s):Critical Race Studies & Lesbian\Gay Legal Theory

De Paul University College of Law Previous Course(s):Feminist Jurisprudence Current Course(s):Feminist Jurisprudence; Women & the Law

Florida State College of Law Previous Course(s):Women & the Law; Pornography & Prostitution; Race, Gender & the Law Current Course(s):Women & the Law; Prostitution & Pornography; Reproductive Technologies & Rights; AIDS & the Law; Family Law

Golden Gate University School of Law Previous Course(s):Gender, Sexual Identity & the Law Current Course(s):Sexual Orientation & The Law

Harvard University Law School Previous Course(s):Sexual Orientation & the Law Current Course(s):Law, Sex & Identity

University of Houston Law Center Previous Course(s):AIDS & the Law Current Course(s):Sexual Orientation & the Law; HIV & the Law

Chicago-Kent College of Law Illinois Institute of Technology Previous Course(s):AIDS & the Law Current Course(s):Sexual Orientation & the Law

University of Iowa College of Law Previous Course(s):Civil Rights Current Course(s):Anti-Discrimination Law; Gender Bias

John Marshall Law School Previous Course(s):Civil Rights; Employment Discrimination; AIDS, Civil Rights & Employment Discrimination; AIDS Current Course(s):Law Diversity

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University of Miami School of Law Previous Course(s):AIDS & the Law Current Course(s):Sexual Relationships & the Law Seminar

University of Minnesota Law School Previous Course(s):Gender & the Law Current Course(s):

University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law Previous Course(s):Family Law; Children & the Law Current Course(s):

William Mitchell College of Law Previous Course(s):AIDS & the Law Current Course(s):Law & Sexuality

New York Law School Previous Course(s):Sexuality & Law Current Course(s):Sexuality & the Law

Northeastern University School of Law Previous Course(s):Sexual Preference & the Law Current Course(s):Sexual Orientation & the Law

Northern Illinois University College of Law Previous Course(s):AIDS & the Law Current Course(s):

Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center Previous Course(s):Current Constitutional Problems Current Course(s):

Ohio State University Pettit College of Law Previous Course(s):AIDS Seminar Current Course(s):Sexual Orientation & The Law

University of Oregon School of Law Previous Course(s):Civil Rights: Lesbian & Gay Rights; Sexual Orientation & the Law Current Course(s):Seminar in Civil Rights (generic title known as gay, lesbian legal issues)

St. Louis University School of Law Previous Course(s):AIDS & the Law Current Course(s):

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University of Southern California Law Center Previous Course(s):Rights of Domestic Partners Current Course(s):Sexual Orientation & the Law; AIDS & the Law; Gender Discrimination; Feminist Jurisprudence; Women & Criminal Justice System; Feminist Issues in Biomedical Legal Ethics

Southwestern University School of Law Previous Course(s):Constitution Law Seminar: Sexuality & the Law Current Course(s):Law & Sexual Orientation

Stanford Law School Previous Course(s):Sexual Identity & the Law Current Course(s):Sexual Orientation & the Law

Syracuse University College of Law Previous Course(s):Civil Rights Current Course(s):Women & Criminal Justice System; Race & Law

Temple University School of Law Previous Course(s):AIDS & the Law Current Course(s):

University of Texas School of Law Previous Course(s):Feminist Legal Theory Current Course(s):Gender, Law & History

Tulane University School of Law Previous Course(s):Sex, Sexuality & the Law Current Course(s):

Wake Forest University School of Law Previous Course(s):Employment Discrimination Current Course(s):

Washburn University School of Law Previous Course(s):Feminist Jurisprudence Current Course(s):Comparative Gay & Lesbian Rights; Feminist Jurisprudence CONCLUSION

The mixed results reported in the tables and discussion above make for some forward- looking, if general, conclusions regarding both the current situation of and near-term prospects for sexuality and/or sexual orientation legal education. And, though it is difficult, or impossible, to separate cause from effect in the preceding report of mixed results, these findings do suggest actions and directions to guide us in the second decade of this new front in legal education. This mixed picture, however, also makes the significance of one particular phenomenon relatively clear: that individual law teachers are helping, and mightily so, to fill the voids of knowledge created by the silence and ignorance that envelops today, as it has over the ages, the subject of sexuality and sexual orientation in American law, life, and society. Law teachers thus far have provided the impetus for the progression we have

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witnessed during this first decade of effort.

Indeed, the very way(s) in which the contents and coverage of "primary" courses are designed show(s) that these courses and teachers are performing double duty; they are trying at once to carry forward two spheres of education and enlightenment. The nature and design of today's "primary" courses indicate that before these courses, and teachers, can engage the study of law relating to sexuality and/or sexual orientation, they first must accommodate, respond to, and overcome the silence and ignorance surrounding and occluding sexuality and sexual orientation in our cultural and educational environments. These courses (and teachers) likewise must respond to the misinformation, prejudice, and antipathy that (re)produces and accompanies this silence and ignorance. And, moreover, these courses and teachers also must address and negotiate the corresponding silence, ignorance, and malevolence (still) found specifically within legal culture, doctrine, and decisionmaking regarding sexuality and sexual orientation. These circumstances jointly necessitate and beckon the sort of innovative "primary" course that today's law teachers have designed and created: cross-disciplinary, trans-doctrinal, multi-methodological. These results thus show how individual interest, imagination, and initiative are combining to impel American legal education toward responsible coverage of this historically marginalized topic.

These findings also underscore, albeit indirectly, the importance of these pioneering courses and efforts to legal and social reform. By penetrating the consciousness, engaging the intellect, and touching the humanity of tomorrow's lawyers today, these courses in time may and should help to introduce informed and caring sensibilities into the beliefs, attitudes, decisions, and actions of American law and society. The challenge, then, is to ensure that these courses continue to expand and to prosper. However, and for the same reason, it is equally important to ensure that legal education on sexuality and/or sexual orientation also continues to be mainstreamed within broader or "related" law school courses. Continuing the recent expansion of coverage along both of these specialty and mainstream tracks is crucial to the accomplishment of twin educational goals, both in the short and long term: ensuring the dissemination of current information widely and contextually, as it arises in related fields or settings, and also guaranteeing the opportunity for in-depth study of the particular subject.

These courses and efforts in turn suggest three areas of concentrated work in the next few years regarding this field of American legal education. The first of these applies both to "primary" and "related" courses. The second applies specifically to "primary" courses and the third specifically to "related" courses. Jointly, the three effectively issue a call for a second decade of success in the continuing incorporation of these issues into the American law school experience.

The first of these areas is making sure that both "primary" and "related" courses keep up to date with the burgeoning literature of legal studies and scholarship relating to sexuality and/or sexual orientation. This effort is critical because the field of sexuality and sexual orientation within the law is moving quickly and expanding greatly. Keeping track of these developments is especially important in part because it is especially difficult: the magnitude and pace of scholarly output is challenging enough, but the relative lack of pre-existing information networks relating to law and sexuality/sexual orientation makes it additionally difficult to stay abreast of this emergent field. Yet doing so is the only way of ensuring that the delivery of education stays current with the production of knowledge. It is an effort that cannot falter if these courses and teachers are to succeed in the long term.

The second of these areas is expanding the range of source materials for "primary" courses specifically. The handful of books introduced in the past couple of years, and presently being used in some of these courses, clearly have gone a long way toward alleviating the complete lack of standardized materials that previously existed. These books clearly have responded to the market's needs, and additionally have helped facilitate the cross-disciplinary, trans-doctrinal nature of today's courses. Their creativity thus points the way toward the crafting of (one or more) cutting-edge casebook(s) on this subject that build(s) on their strengths while enlarging the universe of options and approaches available to teachers and students. The amplification and diversification of readily available course materials is

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necessary not only to accommodating the recent and ongoing proliferation of ideas and knowledge at the intersection of law and sexuality/sexual orientation, but also to enriching the pedagogical and substantive range of "primary" courses in their second decade of operation.

The third of these areas in need of concentrated work during the coming years is finding ways to further the inclusion and integration of sexuality and sexual orientation issues specifically within "related" courses. Of course, one key way of doing so is to make the need for such inclusiveness more widely and deeply appreciated among teachers of "related" courses, and then to provide them with ready means of filling this understood need; i.e., we need to generate and circulate appropriate sources or materials that readily can be adopted and incorporated into the "related" course(s). The progress already made during the past decade again provides a solid point of departure for such efforts because the (re)design of "related" courses that already have been made inclusive can point the way for others to do likewise: as with the "primary" courses, we need to disseminate and improve the ideas, experience, and insights of the past ten years for the next ten years with respect to the "related" courses.38

In sum, this update shows that the stirrings documented by Gene Schultz starting ten years ago continue to grow in number and vitality. Without doubt, this span of time has been a decade of unprecedented and critical growth. But in some ways, perhaps, the coming years represent even greater opportunities, and challenges: the coming years will determine whether this decade of initial gains is only a beginning or already a plateau. For better or worse, the coming years will see the development and maturation, or the stagnation and retrenchment, of a discipline still in its infancy.

Those of us interested in ensuring the former and foreclosing the latter therefore should embark on conscious collaborations in the improvement of our materials and methods. In the short run, these efforts can begin with the ongoing and informal use of the "teachsex" Internet discussion list mentioned above to raise and discuss issues of common interest or concern on an everyday, informal, and continuing basis.39 This continuous exchange and discussion of information can be further informed and motivated by periodic gatherings at increased programs, panels, and conferences on the subject, such as the one being planned and scheduled in conjunction with this year's AALS meeting in San Antonio.40 Obviously, it takes collective will, time, and energy to create and sustain these tools of learning and teaching; it takes group commitment and involvement to plan and conduct such events and communication. But sharing ideas, knowledge, plans, and materials, is how we can continue both to consolidate and expand the progress of our first decade. With these means and networks of discourse increasingly in place, today's teachers increasingly can invigorate each others' imagination, deepen each others' knowledge, and, over time, mutually enhance our collective success toward the meaningful inclusion of education on sexuality and sexual orientation into the American law school experience. Hopefully, we will do so.

ENDNOTES 1. Associate Professor, California Western School of Law. J.S.D. Stanford Law School 1994; J.S.M. Stanford Law School 1991; J.D. with honors University of Florida College of Law 1984; B.A. University of California-Berkeley 1978. My thanks go to the many faculty and staff members at various schools that cooperated in the compilation of data for this project. Special thanks go to Jane Schacter for her helpful comments on an earlier draft of the article. The findings reported in this article could not have been finalized without the tireless support of faculty secretaries Sandra Murray, Mary-Ellen Norvell, and Sonia Smith, and of research assistants Edward R. Miley and Stefany Tewell. Likewise, Barbara Glennan, Mary Lou Mitchell, and Raleigh Moody helped to create the "teachsex" discussion list on the Internet that is discussed in this article. My thanks go to them as well. All errors or shortcomings found below are entirely mine.

2. See infra notes 12 to 28 and accompanying text.

3. Course classifications are based on a combination of information, including: where available, course syllabi and/or descriptions, course titles, and anecdotal, personal, or telephonic data. As the description suggests, "primary" courses concentrate specifically and

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directly on the study of sexuality and/or sexual orientation legal issues. To some extent, designation of a course as "primary" is necessarily subjective, but is usually obvious in light of the course information mentioned above. The designation of a course as "related" to these issues is more uncertain. See infra note 4.

4. Course classifications are based on a combination of information. See supra note 3. As the description suggests, "related" courses are not focused on the study of sexuality and/or sexual orientation legal issues, but do provide some significant or substantial coverage of them. Determinations of "significant" or "substantial" are necessarily subjective, making these designations relatively less certain than the "primary" designations. See supra note 3.

5. However, as discussed below, teachers have begun to adopt as texts for these courses one or more of the several books published in recent years on this subject, and also have managed to converge in some key respects regarding course design and coverage. See, e.g., infra notes 30 to 33 and accompanying text.

6. What this article cannot purport to do is claim scientific precision, or even empirical accuracy, because the article conveys "reports from the field" gathered via the project, which are not susceptible to independent verification. In effect, this article takes a snapshot of the self-reported state of legal education on sexuality and/or sexual orientation today. And given the vagaries of faculty changes and curricular planning, this picture inevitably changes either slightly or significantly from year to year. However, this snapshot can and does help to provide important information on the situation and prospects for education on sexuality and/or sexual orientation that is being offered (or that could be offered) by American law schools, as elaborated in the following pages and tables.

7. The mailing included "Fee Paid" schools. A copy of the school questionnaire is appended to the end of this article (and tables) as "Appendix A."

8. Telephone responses are identified by an asterisk in Table 1, infra, which reports on the "Overall Results."

9. A copy of the faculty questionnaire is appended to the end of this article (and tables) as "Appendix B."

10. See Syllabi Table, infra.

11. The attendees who "signed in" were: Paris R. Baldacci, Mary Becker, Susan Becker, Pat Cain, Deborah A. Calloway, Lan Cao, Mary Anne Case, Kathleen Clark, Michael L. Closen, Ruth Colker, Barbara J. Cox, Jane Dolkart, Alice Dueker, Karen Engle, Marc Fajer, Virginia Gordan, Berta Esperanza Hernandez, Barbara Holden-Smith, Maria J. Hollandsworth, Paula Johnson, Sharon Keller, Peter K. Y. Kwan, William P. LaPiana, Sylvia R. Lazos, Arthur Leonard, Nancy G. Maxwell, Binny Miller, Akilah Monifa, Odeana R. Neal, Nancy Polikoff, Frederick P. Rothman, Julie Shapiro, Charlene Smith, Karla C. Springman, Jean R. Sternlight, Mark Strasser, Francisco Valdes, and Sheryl Scheible Wolf. This meeting was only partially devoted to the purpose of bringing together teachers of these courses, and therefore not all of these attendees were there for this particular purpose.

12. See Table 2, infra, which reports on courses (and teaching faculty) devoted "primarily" to sexuality and/or sexual orientation legal issues.

13. See Table 3, infra, which reports the courses (and teaching faculty) "related" to sexuality and/or sexual orientation legal issues. It additionally should be emphasized at this point that these results are not the main concern of the project, but are presented nonetheless in order to supplement the results regarding "primary" courses and coverage. Consequently, it also should be noted that "related" courses may be under-reported in this survey to the extent that

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schools with "primary" courses may not have included "related" courses in their survey responses whereas schools without "primary" courses would tend to do so. If so, the total number of courses would be higher than 112, though the total for "primary" courses would remain at 48.

14. See Gene P. Schultz, The Inclusion of Sexual Orientation in Non-Discrimination Policies:

A Survey of American Law Schools, 2 L. & SEXUALITY 131, 136-37 (1992) (reporting on the combined results of several studies that included both non-discrimination policies and course offerings). The 35 schools were: Arizona State University College of Law, Boston University School of Law, Brooklyn Law School, University of California Hastings College of the Law, University of California-Los Angeles School of Law, California Western School of Law, University of Chicago Law School, De Paul University College of Law, Florida State University College of Law, Golden Gate University School of Law, Harvard University Law School, University of Houston Law Center, Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago- Kent College of Law, University of Iowa College of Law, John Marshall Law School, University of Miami School of Law, University of Minnesota Law School, University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, William Mitchell College of Law, New York Law School, Northeastern University School of Law, Northern Illinois University College of Law, Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center, Ohio State University College of Law, University of Oregon School of Law, Saint Louis University School of Law, University of Southern California Law Center, Southwestern University School of Law, Stanford Law School, Syracuse University College of Law, Temple University School of Law, University of Texas School of Law, Tulane University School of Law, Wake Forest University School of Law, and Washburn University School of Law. Id.

15. See supra notes 3 and 4. 16. See Schultz, supra note 14, at 136-37. These 13 schools (with corresponding courses) were: Arizona State University College of Law (Gender, Sexuality & the Law); Brooklyn Law School (Morals, Sexuality & the Law); University of California Hastings College of the Law (Selected Problems in Civil Rights); California Western School of Law (Law, Gender & Sexuality); Golden Gate University School of Law (Gender, Sexual Identity & the Law); Harvard University Law School (Sexual Orientation & the Law); New York Law School (Sexuality & the Law); Northeastern University School of Law (Sexual Preference & the Law); University of Oregon School of Law (Civil Rights: Lesbian & Gay Rights, and Sexual Orientation Law); University of Southern California Law Center (Rights of Domestic Partners); Southwestern University School of Law (Constitutional Law Seminar: Sexuality & the Law); Stanford Law School (Sexual Identity & the Law); and Tulane University School of Law (Sex, Sexuality & the Law). Id.

17. Id. These 23 schools (with corresponding courses) were: Boston University School of Law (Law & Regulation of Morality); University of California Hastings College of the Law (Sex Discrimination and the Law, Constitution and the Family); University of California-Los Angeles School of Law (Seminar in Feminist Legal Theory, Seminar in Legal Theory: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence, Employment Discrimination, Women and the Law, Women and the Law -- Feminist Jurisprudence); University of Chicago Law School (AIDS: Legal & Public Policy Issues); De Paul University College of Law (Feminist Jurisprudence); Florida State University College of Law (Women & the Law, Pornography and Prostitution, Race, Gender & the Law); University of Houston Law Center (AIDS & the Law); Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago-Kent College of Law (AIDS & the Law); University of Iowa College of Law (Civil Rights); John Marshall Law School (Civil Rights, Employment Discrimination, AIDS, Civil Rights & Employment Discrimination, AIDS); University of Miami School of Law (AIDS & the Law); University of Minnesota Law School (Gender & the Law); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law (Family Law, Children & the Law); William Mitchell College of Law (AIDS & the Law); Northern Illinois University College of Law (AIDS & the Law); Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center (Current

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Constitutional Problems); Ohio State University College of Law (AIDS Seminar); St. Louis University School of Law (AIDS & the Law); Syracuse University College of Law (Civil Rights); Temple University School of Law (AIDS & the Law); University of Texas School of Law (Feminist Legal Theory); Wake Forest University School of Law (Employment Discrimination); and Washburn University School of Law (Feminist Jurisprudence). Id.

18. See Table 1, infra, reporting the Overall Results of this project.

19. See Table 4, infra, which presents the "Comparative Results" for this survey and for the Schultz surveys. These eight schools (with "lost" courses) are: University of Minnesota Law School (Gender & the Law); University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law (Family Law); Northern Illinois University College of Law (AIDS & the Law); Nova Southeastern University Shepard Broad Law Center (Current Constitutional Problems); Saint Louis University School of Law (AIDS & the Law); Temple University School of Law (AIDS & the Law); Tulane University School of Law (Sex, Sexuality & the Law); and Wake Forest University School of Law (Employment Discrimination). Id.

20. See Table 2, infra, reporting information, including enrollment figures, for "primary" courses.

21. See Table 1, infra, reporting Overall Results.

22. The totals for the figures presented in the Summary Table may vary in some categories because some courses are taught by different faculty members in different years, and sometimes for different amounts of academic credit, or because the scheduling intervals vary periodically, or because some courses are taught with another faculty member, or because some faculty members teach multiple classes concurrently. In each of these circumstances, individual courses and/or teachers may be "counted" more than once.

23. See Table 2, infra, for the enrollment figures of "primary" courses reported by the various schools.

24. See Schultz, supra note 14 at 135.

25. This continuing but slowing growth may indicate that the relatively "easy" progress has been achieved in the past decade, and that the progress to be made in the next decade may be more difficult.

26. Precise numbers for faculty are not provided here because shifting circumstances create numerical discrepancies that may lead to statistical confusion. See generally supra note 21.

27. But, again, this progress is mixed and, at best, cause only for cautious optimism because heterosexism, whether conscious or unconscious, still pervades American legal education at all levels. One telling indicator is that the unofficial (and hence confidential) mailing list of the AALS Section on Gay and Lesbian Legal Issues is about four times as extensive as the official (and hence public) mailing list. This disparity strongly suggests that many persons in legal academia today still feel compelled to "play it safe" when it comes to issues of sexuality and/or sexual orientation.

28. Though it was impracticable to publish all of the actual syllabi, the faculty providing them have agreed to share them with others who teach, or who are interested in teaching, these courses. If you teach in this area, or are preparing to do so, you can obtain a (free) copy of the set by contacting the author.

29. This assessment is based entirely (and subjectively) on the author's review and comparison of the submitted syllabi, which of course are not necessarily representative of

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other courses devoted to this subject.

30. These nine courses are: Mary Anne Bobinski's course on Special Topics in Discrimination Law: Sexual Orientation, at the University of Houston Law Center; Dan Danielsen's course on Law, Sex & Identity, at Harvard University Law School; Ruth Harlow's course on Sexuality & the Law, at Brooklyn Law School; Jon W. Davidson with Christine Littleton's course on Sexual Orientation & the Law, at the University of California- Los Angeles School of Law; Stephanie Ridder's course on Sexuality & the Law, at George Washington University National Law Center; Vincent Samar's course on Sexual Orientation & the Law, at Chicago-Kent College of Law, Illinois Institute of Technology; Jon W. Davidson's course on Sexual Orientation & the Law, at Loyola Law School in Los Angeles; Jane Scarborough course on Sexual Orientation & the Law, at Northeastern University School of Law; Jane Schacter's course on Sexual Orientation & the Law, at the University of Wisconsin Law School; and, Michele Zavos's course on Sexual Orientation & the Law, at American University Washington College of Law. The Rubenstein book is a compilation of various cross-disciplinary materials, and in this way represents the pre-packaged set of readings that most closely approximates the materials that seem generally preferred by faculty members currently teaching these courses. For a review of this book, see Jane S. Schacter, Poised at the Threshold: Sexual Orientation, Law, and the Law School Curriculum in the Nineties, 92 MICH. L. REV. 1910 (1994). In addition, two of these courses report adoption of a second required text: Dan Danielsen's syllabus reports the use of The Lesbian and Gay Studies Reader (H. Abelove, M. Barale, D. Halperin eds. 1993)), and Vincent Samar's syllabus reports the use of The Right to Privacy: Gays, Lesbians, and the Constitution (1991), authored personally by Samar.

31. These two courses are: Craig W. Christensen's course on Law & Sexual Orientation, at Southwestern University School of Law, and Arthur Leonard's course on Sexuality & the Law, at New York Law School. The Leonard book is closest in nature to a traditional casebook in that it is organized around the presentation of various court rulings regarding sexuality and/or sexual orientation, with accompanying notes.

32. These two courses are: Barbara J. Cox's courses on Sexual Orientation & the Law, at California Western School of Law and at the University of San Diego School of Law. Robson's book is an exploration of lesbian life under law and an exposition of lesbian legal theory. The Harvard Law Review is a survey of legal issues pertaining to sexual orientation in various social contexts. D'Emilio's book is a historical account of gay and lesbian self- grouping in urban centers from World War II to the 1970s.

33. This course is Ruthann Robson's course Sexuality & the Law, at (CUNY) City University of New York School of Law at Queens College. The Freedman and D'Emilio book is a historical account of the ways in which human sexualities have been understood and regulated throughout American society over the years.

34. All subscribers should retain the confirmation message because it contains instructions on how to "unsubscribe" from the list. If you experience difficulty in subscribing to this list, please contact the author.

35. See supra note 11.

36. "Day Minus One" signifies the day before the AALS Annual Meeting officially begins, which, for example, this year would have been Thursday, January 5th.

37. See supra notes 3 to 11 and accompanying text.

38. The conferences that SALT has sponsored on the inclusion of sex, race, class, and sexual orientation in mainstream courses such as contracts or torts serve as a possible model for

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similar efforts with respect to "related" courses like employment law, family law or health law. Additionally, the Curriculum Project founded at Stanford Law School in 1990 by interested students and faculty also serves as a possible model for these efforts. The Curriculum Project compiled materials into a book titled Beyond the Casebook, which provided easy-to-use supplementary materials on sex, race, class, and sexual orientation to supplement first-year courses like contracts and civil procedure.

39. See supra note 34 and accompanying text.

40. See, e.g., supra notes 35 to 36 and accompanying text. APPENDIX A

(School Survey) 1. Does a course presently exist in your law school curriculum that is devoted primarily to legal issues relating to sexuality or sexual orientation?

_______ YES _______ NO

If you answered "yes" to this question, please continue; otherwise, please return the form with your "no" response in the attached stamped, self-addressed enveloped.

2. What is the title of this course, as it appears in your school catalog or other literature?

3. How often is this course actually offered?

______ Once every year ______ Every other year

4. How many units of academic credit toward graduation are allotted to this course?

5. Is the course taught by a full-time, tenure-track (or tenured) member of the regular law school faculty?

_______ YES _______ NO

6. Please state the names of the faculty member(s) who teach this course.

7. Name of responding school: ______________________________ APPENDIX B

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(Faculty Survey)

Name: ________________________________

1. Are you willing to share your course syllaus?